DLP-fabricated TPMS bionic gradient PEGDA/MgO/TA/HA scaffolds: antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic properties

Due to their internal continuity and smooth surface geometry, three-period minimal surfaces (TPMS) have been widely applied in the structural design and fabrication of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. To achieve a biomimetic simulation of natural bone tissue structure and enhance the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties of the implant site, this study innovatively proposes a biomimetic gradient TPMS scaffold with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory functions. First, based on the hierarchical structural characteristics of compact bone and cancellous bone in natural bone, four TPMS gradient structures were parametrically designed. These four structures were then subjected to comprehensive testing to identify the one with the optimal performance. Furthermore, to address the limitation of single-function traditional bone repair scaffolds, this study used polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) as the matrix and prepared a multifunctional composite slurry by incorporating nano-hydroxyapatite (HA), nano-magnesium oxide (MgO), and tannic acid (TA). A series of test results indicate that the I-WP scaffold exhibits the optimal combination of mechanical and permeability properties, while also demonstrating excellent in vitro osteogenic differentiation capacity and antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects. In summary, the gradient-structured composite scaffold prepared in this study achieves an integrated structure that enhances mechanical properties, boosts osteogenic mineralization activity, and provides synergistic antibacterial and anti-inflammatory functions. It offers new insights for the structural design and functional optimization of bone tissue engineering scaffolds and holds promising application prospects.