Surface chemistry modified 0D2D SnO2 clusters/MXene for high-performance lithium-ion battery

Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene is promising for energy storage due to its 2D layered structure and large interlayer spacing. However, it suffers from limited capacity, severe sheet restacking, and detrimental surface F groups that exacerbate side reactions, leading to poor rate performance and cycling stability. Herein, we employ surface chemical engineering to replace surface F with -OH groups on Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene, effectively suppressing interfacial side reactions, lowering interfacial impedance, and enhancing Li + transport. Furthermore, the hydrolysis reaction and self-assembly anchor SnO 2 clusters (CLs) onto the Ti 3 C 2 MXene interface, inhibiting nanosheet restacking, maintaining Li + diffusion channels and active sites while contributing to capacity. With these synergistic effects, the prepared SnO 2 CLs/MXene heterostructure delivers a high reversible capacity of 914.5 mAh g −1 at 0.05 A g −1 , 476.3 mAh g −1 at 2 A g −1 , and retains 88.6% capacity after 500 cycles at 2 A g −1 , with negligible capacity decay observed at 100 mA g −1 over 500 cycles.