Magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers based on dual-functional monomer system for rapid and selective extraction of clothianidin

This study reports the development of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (MMIPs) synthesized by using dual-functional monomers for selective extraction of clothianidin (CLO). A novel dual-functional monomer system, combining a supramolecular deep eutectic solvent with methacrylic acid, was employed to improve the imprinting efficiency and molecular recognition. The MMIPs showed rapid adsorption kinetics, reaching equilibrium within 12 min with a maximum adsorption capacity of 57.77 mg g⁻¹. They also possessed a porous magnetic structure, enabling quick separation and excellent selectivity toward CLO. The optimized extraction conditions yielded recoveries of 91.46–100.20% and detection and quantification limits of 0.003 and 0.010 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, in spiked food and soil samples analyzed by HPLC. The polymers exhibited excellent selectivity and stability, retaining about 90% adsorption efficiency in seven reuse cycles. This method offers a sensitive, reliable, and reusable approach for CLO residue monitoring in complex matrices.