Optimizing Piezoelectric and Ferroelectric Properties in BCZT Ceramics via Nd/Mn Co-Doping and Sintering Engineering

Lead-free [(Ba0.85Ca0.15)1−1.5xNdx][(Zr0.1Ti0.9)0.995Mn0.005]O3(x mol% Nd/Mn BCZT, x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1 mol%) ceramics were prepared by the traditional solid-state reaction method, in which the synergistic effects of sintering temperature and Nd/Mn co-doping on the phase structure, microstructural evolution, and electrical properties were systematically investigated. All ceramics exhibit a pure perovskite structure, with the tetragonal (P4mm) phase dominating at room temperature as confirmed by the X-ray diffraction Rietveld refinement. The sintering temperature (1475–1520 °C) is found to be the primary factor governing densification and grain growth, with the relative density peaking at 91.7% for the x = 0.5 mol% sample sintered at 1505 °C. Within this optimized processing window, increasing the Nd content induces a gradual migration of the Curie temperature (TC) toward lower temperatures, accompanied by enhanced relaxor behavior. A highlight of this work is the strategic balance between piezoelectric activity and mechanical quality factor through a “donor–acceptor” co-doping mechanism. Specifically, for the x = 0.5 mol% ceramics, an exceptionally high mechanical quality factor (Qm= 424.5) is achieved for samples sintered at 1490 °C, which is proposed to be associated with the temperature-modulated formation of