LC-MS-Based Untargeted Metabolomics Reveals the Effects of Pyrethrins-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles on the Metabolism of Solenopsis invicta

The red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invictaBuren) is a destructive invasive pest, and conventional chemical control faces challenges related to environmental contamination and resistance development, highlighting the need for novel control agents and greener management strategies. In this study, pyrethrins-mediated silver nanoparticles (Pyr-AgNPs) were synthesized via a green route, characterized, and evaluated for their insecticidal activity, environmental stability, and metabolic effects onS. invictaworkers. Bait bioassays showed that Pyr-AgNPs exhibited high toxicity toS. invicta, causing 100% cumulative corrected mortality at 500 mg·kg−1after 9 days of feeding, with a 5-d LC50of 116.83 mg·kg−1. Exposure assays further demonstrated that Pyr-AgNPs had good environmental stability and residual efficacy, as bait containing 1000 mg·kg−1Pyr-AgNPs still caused 100% cumulative corrected mortality after 9 days following 96 h of outdoor exposure, significantly outperforming the pyrethrins treatment. LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that treatment with Pyr-AgNPs markedly altered the metabolic profile ofS. invictaworkers, with 607 differential metabolites identified, mainly belonging to organic acids and derivatives, lipid and lipid-like molecules, amino acids and peptides, cofactors, and redox-related metabolites. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these metabolic disturbances were primarily associated with energy metabolism, redox homeostasis, and membrane lipid metabolism. Overall, these findings provide preliminary mechanistic clues into the toxicity of Pyr-AgNPs and support their potential application in the sustainable management ofS. invicta.