Collagen/epicatechin composites for sustainable reinforcement and protection of leather heritage

Leather heritage is vulnerable to deterioration induced by environmental stressors. In this study, a collagen/epicatechin (Col/EC) composite was developed as a protective treatment for artificially aged vegetable-tanned leather. Epicatechin acts as a natural cross-linker via hydrogen bonds, giving the composite an antioxidant capacity of 88.12%. In addition, the Col/EC composite exhibited superior antibacterial performance, with inhibition zones of 17.0 mm and 13.6 mm against E. coli and S. aureus , respectively. Application of the Col/EC composite to artificially aged vegetable-tanned leather resulted in improved mechanical strength and antibacterial performance, with a small increase in surface lightness. Structural analysis revealed a more uniform distribution and denser interconnection of collagen fibers within the treated matrix. This sustainable strategy replenishes degraded collagen. Overall, this work provides a preliminary feasibility study for the reinforcement of degraded leather. This approach shows potential for cultural heritage preservation, but further validation on authentic archaeological materials is needed.