Lead immobilization for perovskite solar cells and modules under thermal cycling

Considering temperature variations is crucial for the practical applications of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, to date, no studies have reported mitigating potential lead-leakage issues in PSCs after thermal cycles (ISOS-T). In this study, we design and synthesize a stable lead adsorption film, PGP, which maintains its high flexibility and optical transparency over numerous days of thermal cycling. Under simulated harsh environmental conditions, the lead sequestration efficiency (SQE) of the film remains above 98% for both flexible and rigid PSCs and modules, without negatively affecting the performance and stability. After thermal cycling tests according to ISOS-T protocols, this film still maintains an SQE above 98%. Additionally, the film also demonstrates a 99% SQE in perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells. This is the first report to achieve a high SQE in rigid and flexible devices after thermal cycling, representing a significant step forward toward the commercialization and practical applications of PSCs.