High-Strength, Self-Sensing Multiphase Hydrogels for Load-Bearing Actuation and Logical Human–Machine Interaction

The cascade polymerization synergistic toughening mechanism overcomes the problem of mutual constraints between "mechanical strength and response speed" of traditional hydrogels and realizes load-bearing actuation. The “mass–deformation” dynamic coding law was established, enabling a hydrogel-based 0/1 binary information encoding system derived from mechanical actuation responses. Actuation–perception integrated logic-gate units were developed to enable intelligent soft robotics through a closed-loop “light-triggered actuation–signal feedback–logic processing–robotic action” control system.