A “three birds with one stone” strategy: Ni3Fe-decorated carbonized wood composites for high-performance and multifunctional electromagnetic interference shielding

The rapid growth of electronic devices has intensified electromagnetic wave (EMW) pollution, creating an urgent demand for sustainable and multifunctional shielding materials. Here, we present a novel “three birds with one stone” strategy involving Ni 3 Fe-induced three-in-one modification for carbonized wood/epoxy composite electromagnetic interference shielding material. Specifically, by encapsulating Ni 3 Fe nanoparticles in carbonized wood/epoxy composite materials through a facile impregnation-carbonization approach, the composite material (Ni 3 Fe-EP-carbonized wood composite) achieves enhanced conductive and reflective losses through catalytic graphitization, promotes interfacial polarization via abundant heterojunctions, and incorporates intrinsic magnetic dissipation capabilities. Meanwhile, leveraging the natural microstructure advantages of wood, the well-tailored Ni 3 Fe-EP-carbonized wood composite achieves a shielding effectiveness of 59.88 dB (2.6 times higher than pristine CW), in the X-band at a density of merely 0.193 g cm -3 . Furthermore, owing to the elevated electrical conductivity and unique layered porous structure of carbonized wood that absorbs sunlight strongly, Ni 3 Fe-EP-carbonized wood composite exhibits a suite of multifunctional properties, including stable heat conduction and effective photothermal conversion up to 55 °C under low solar irradiance (100 mW cm -2 ). This work offers a novel perspective on an environmentally friendly wood-based electromagnetic interference shielding material design.