d-Band Engineering of Layered (Fe1−xNix)3GaTe2 for Enhanced Alkaline Hydrogen Evolution by Ni-Substitutional Doping

Tuning the d -band electronic structure of non-noble-metal catalysts is a central strategy for an alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), yet how composition controls the d orbital in multi-Wyckoff-site layered systems remains insufficiently understood. Here, layered (Fe 1- x Ni x ) 3 GaTe 2 single crystals ( x = 0.2–1.0) were synthesized by the self-flux method as a platform to address this question. Single-crystal XRD and EDS confirm that Ni is uniformly incorporated into the parent P6 3 /mmc framework while inducing a composition-dependent lattice evolution. Electrochemical measurements in 1.0 M KOH reveal a clear volcano-shaped composition dependence, peaking at x = 0.6, where the lowest overpotential, the smallest Tafel slope (94 mV dec −1 ), the lowest charge-transfer resistance and the largest double-layer capacitance are simultaneously reached. First-principles calculations show that Ni doping reshapes the Fe-site d orbital strongly composition-dependent rate: the Fe d -band center upshifts rapidly by ~0.5 eV between x = 0.4 and x = 0.6, while the Ni d -band center stays nearly fixed in the same composition range. The maximum of HER activity therefore aligns with a steep upshift of the Fe d -band center rather than with the Ni content itself. Charge-density mapping of (Fe 0.4 Ni 0.6 ) 3 GaTe 2 further demonstrates that the electron-enriched regions are located on the Fe and interlayer Ni3 sublattices that dominate the d states near E F .