摘要
Interfacial engineering enables Pd 0 /oxygen vacancy balance in Pd/In 2 O 3 . • Hollow In 2 O 3 nanotubes moderate Pd-In 2 O 3 metal-support interaction. • Pd/h-In 2 O 3 achieves 8020 mmol FA mol Pd −1 h −1 for formate production. • Pd 0 retention and defect accessibility jointly govern formate formation. The catalytic performance of oxide-supported Pd catalysts in CO 2 hydrogenation is highly dependent on the interfacial cooperation between metallic Pd 0 sites and defect-containing oxide domains. However, how to regulate this metal-oxide interfacial balance to simultaneously promote H 2 activation and CO 2 -derived intermediate conversion remains insufficiently understood. Herein, we develop an interfacial engineering strategy to regulate the balance between metallic Pd 0 sites and oxygen vacancies (Ov) in Pd/In 2 O 3 catalysts through morphology-dependent metal-support interaction (MSI). Structural analyses reveal that hollow In 2 O 3 nanotubes (h-In 2 O 3 ) effectively moderate Pd-In 2 O 3 interactions, preserve a higher fraction of metallic Pd 0 , and maintain accessible defect-associated oxide domains, thereby establishing a more favorable interfacial configuration than compact counterparts. Consequently, Pd/h-In 2 O 3 delivers the highest formate production rate of 8178 ± 145 mmol FA mol Pd −1 h −1 at 60 °C and 2 MPa, representing a sixfold enhancement over rod-like Pd/In 2 O 3 (Pd/r-In 2 O 3 ), together with excellent stability. These findings highlight that the coordinated regulation of metallic-site preservation and defect accessibility is critical for constructing efficient metal-oxide interfaces for CO 2 hydrogenation to formate. Interfacial engineering optimizes the Pd 0 /Ov balance in Pd/In 2 O 3 by moderating metal-support interaction, enabling high formate productivity (8178 ± 145 mmol FA mol Pd −1 h −1 ) in CO 2 hydrogenation. Download: Download high-res image (147KB) Download: Download full-size image
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