An All‑in‑One Bridging Coordination Additive for Scalable, High-Efficiency Perovskite Solar Modules

Additive engineering has propelled lab-scale perovskite solar cell efficiencies exceeding 27%, yet translating these achievements to industrial manufacturing requires multifunctional additives that simultaneously optimize crystallization, passivate defects, enhance mechanical robustness, and maintain compatibility with high-throughput coating processes. Here, we introduce glutaramide (GTA) as an all-in-one bridging coordination additive that addresses these challenges. Density functional theory calculations reveal that GTA forms a thermodynamically favored bidentate bridging coordination between adjacent [PbI 6 ] 4− octahedra. This unique configuration retards crystallization kinetics during annealing, yielding micron-scale grains with reduced defect density. Upon annealing, GTA spontaneously migrates to the film surface, where it passivates undercoordinated Pb 2+ and halide ions, toughens perovskite lattice, relieves residual stress, and increases hydrophobicity. Crucially, GTA enhances ink wettability, enabling pinhole-free, blade-coated large-area films. Small-area rigid and flexible cells achieve champion efficiencies of 26.65% and 25.22%, respectively. Remarkably, blade-coated 22.95 cm 2 modules deliver efficiencies of 24.61% (rigid) and 22.57% (flexible), retaining up to 99.6% of small-area performance. Encapsulated target devices achieve a T 90 lifetime of 1020 h under continuous 1-sun tracking, nearly doubling the control (520 h), while flexible devices demonstrate superior bending endurance. This work establishes that a single bridging additive can synergistically balance efficiency, stability, and scalability for commercial perovskite photovoltaics.