Sustainable nanoplatform based on recycled red blood cell membranes for improved antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim

Background Bacterial infections pose a serious threat to the livestock and poultry industry, necessitating effective and sustainable therapeutic strategies. Methods Herein, guided by the concept of "derived from animals and used for animals", red blood cell membranes (RBCM) are extracted from slaughterhouse waste and recycles to coat trimethoprim (TMP)-loaded mPEG-PLGA nanoparticles (RPTNS) via a co-extrusion method. The structure and antibacterial activities of the nanoparticles are studied in detain. Significant findings The protein bands in the three independently prepared samples remained unchanged. The TMP loading capacity of RPTNS 20/40/80 were 13.1, 21.3 and 34.8%. The average particle diameters of RPTNS 20/40/80 were 275.8, 532.3 and 755.7 nm. The cumulative release is 43.48% and 60.38% at artificial gastric and intestinal fluid within 48 h. The inhibition rate of RPTNS 20 reached 80.57 and 72.74% of for E. coli and S. aureus at the concentration of 240 μg/mL. The protein leakage amount was 2.23 and 3.08 mg/mL in the RPTNS 20 treated E. coli and S. aureus . RPTNS₂₀ can induce sustained membrane depolarization. The expression level of dihydrofolate reductase in the bacteria treated with the RPTNS₂₀ reduces to 20%. The AUC 0-48 of the mice in the RPTNS₂₀ group is 131.77 ± 6.25 h*µg/mL. The RPTNS can effectively inhibit bacterial infections without causing serious harm to liver and kidney. The RBCM camouflaged nanoparticles improve effectively the bioavailability of oral TMP formulations. This develops a novel utilization for the discarded blood cells from slaughterhouses.