Rapid determination of triazine herbicides in environmental and biological fluids by hydroxyl COF-based SBSE combined with dielectric barrier discharge ionization-mass spectrometry

An AFA-TD-DBDI-MS platform was constructed and optimized for THs analysis. • Hydroxyl-functionalized COF-coated stir bars showed high adsorption capacity. • SBSE-AFA-TD-DBDI-MS enabled THs detection with LODs of 0.0061–0.0312 ng/mL. • The developed method was promising for THs detection in complex matrices. Triazine herbicides are widely used in agricultural production. However, their environmental persistence and mobility pose potential threats to ecological safety and human health. Herein, a novel analytical method integrating stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) with airflow-assisted thermal desorption dielectric barrier discharge ionization mass spectrometry (AFA-TD-DBDI-MS), an ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AMS), was developed for the sensitive determination of triazine herbicides. A hydroxyl-functionalized covalent organic framework (COF-HF) was synthesized and used to fabricate COF-HF-coated stir bars via physical adhesion. The as-prepared stir bars exhibited outstanding extraction performance toward triazine herbicides, and the underlying adsorption mechanism was systematically investigated. The established COF-HF-based SBSE-AFA-TD-DBDI-MS method demonstrated good linearity (R² ≥ 0.9957), satisfactory recoveries (91.31%–98.81%), good repeatability (RSD ≤ 8.49%), and low limits of detection (0.0061–0.0312 ng/mL). This study provides a rapid and efficient strategy for monitoring trace triazine pollutants in environmental water and serum matrices. Download: Download high-res image (293KB) Download: Download full-size image