Solvent-free grinding synthesis of Hemin@P2Mo18 with peroxidase-mimicking activity for dopamine detection in bovine serum

Dopamine (DA) in bovine serum served as a vital physiological biomarker for evaluating livestock health status and conducting translational biomedical research. Accurate and rapid detection of DA was therefore essential for agricultural breeding monitoring and clinical biological analysis. In this work, a novel Hemin@P 2 Mo 18 nanocomposite with peroxidase-mimicking activity was successfully prepared via a facile, green solvent-free grinding strategy. The introduction of water-soluble H 6 P 2 Mo 18 effectively suppressed the aggregation of free hemin molecules and yielded solid-phase Hemin@P 2 Mo 18 . Relative to natural peroxidases, the synthesized Hemin@P 2 Mo 18 featured convenient recovery and excellent reusability. Given the excellent peroxidase-mimicking activity of Hemin@P 2 Mo 18 , a sensitive and selective colorimetric platform was constructed for DA detection. Moreover, the proposed approach showed high selectivity against common interfering substances and excellent stability under different conditions. It was successfully applied to the quantitative determination of DA in bovine serum samples with satisfactory recovery rates ranging from 96.8% to 100.2%. This study provided a green and efficient solvent-free grinding synthesis strategy for high-performance POM-based nanozymes. It also offered a feasible and practical approach for rapid biomarker detection in complex biological matrices, which showed great application potential in veterinary monitoring and biosensing analysis. Graphical abstract The schematic representation of the synthesis of Hemin@P 2 Mo 18 and the dual-mode detection of dopamine.