An autonomous regenerative bioelectronic dressing powered by wound exudate for high-quality skin repair

Endogenous electric field (EF) plays a crucial role in the wound healing process, yet conventional electrical stimulation strategies remain constrained by their dependence on bulky external power supplies. Herein, we report a bilayer electrogenerative smart dressing (B-ESD) that generates a self-sustained EF through a robust streaming potential induced by unidirectional pumping of wound exudate. This biofluid-driven mechanism successfully amplified the attenuated wound potential from 343.8 to 921.0 mV without requiring any external power source. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo evaluations demonstrated that this self-sustained EF mitigated acute inflammation, accelerated fibroblast migration, and promoted highly organized collagen deposition. Immunohistochemical analysis further revealed that the B-ESD regulated the expression of Type I collagen, CD31, and transforming growth factor-beta 1 at the wound site, improving the quality of wound repair. Consequently, the B-ESD achieves a 98.72% wound closure rate within 14 days, with reduced scar formation and the regrowth of mature skin appendages. Moreover, the B-ESD serves as a high-fidelity sensor to monitor physiological motions, offering a promising integrated platform that combines bioelectric wound therapy with real-time biomechanical monitoring for advanced wound management in the future.