Synergistic spectral modulation and thermal management for multilayer visual/infrared camouflage composite with electromagnetic interference shielding capability

Modern reconnaissance systems integrate optical, infrared (IR), and radar technologies for cross-band cooperative detection, rendering multispectral camouflage essential for battlefield survivability. However, in complex or extreme operational environments, current camouflage materials remain limited by insufficient environmental stability, high weight, and inadequate mechanical flexibility, constraining their long-term and reliable performance. Herein, we design a multilayer composite consisting of a colorful yet IR-transparent visible reflection layer (VR), a low-emissivity (low- ε ) graphene (LEG) layer for bothIR camouflage and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and an aramid nanofiber aerogel (ANF) layer for thermal insulation and flexibility. The VR layer provides widely tunable visible colors, enabling visual camouflage without disturbing the low- ε feature of the underlying LEG. The LEG layer provides both IR camouflage and EMI shielding capabilities, while the ANF aerogel reduces thermal conduction to the camouflage surface. Through the synergistic effect of thermal insulation and low- ε , the multilayer composite reduces the IR radiation intensity by 40% with tunable colors, efficiently realizing visual/IR dual-band camouflage. Furthermore, the multilayer composite demonstrates effective EMI shielding performance and environmental stability against corrosive media, including acid, alkaline, seawater, and organic environments. This work provides a novel strategy for environmentally robust multispectral camouflage materials suitable for harsh environments.