PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2023
·
IF 6.6
Gaojian Lin,Tengfei Fu,Yinan Qiu,Fei Li,Weifu Sun
The protection performance of polyurea (PUA) coating is limited due to its intrinsic flammability . In order to develop a PUA composite coating with outstanding flame retardant and anti-impact performance simultaneously, in this paper the modified ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) and two-dimensional (2D) nanofillers of graphene oxide (GO) and Mg-Al layered double hydroxides (LDH) were introduced into PUA matrix. Thermal stability and combustion behavior of PUA composites were studied by thermogravimetric analyzer and cone calorimeter. Results show that PUA composite sample with 17 wt% MAPP, 1.5 wt% GO and 1.5 wt% LDH exhibited remarkable flame-retardant and fire protective performance. The flame retardancy index increases to 1.7 from 1.0 with the time required to burn out and total heat release THR being dramatically decreased by 31.0 % and 33.4 %, respectively. The dynamic mechanical properties of PUA composites at the strain rate as high as 4500 s −1 were investigated. The dynamic mechanical behavior of the PUA composite shows strong strain rate effect . The introduction of the flame retardant does not substantially damage the energy dissipating capacity and anti-impact performance of the PUA matrix. Interfacial properties of PUA composites were studied by standard avulse and shear methods. The PUA composites with LDH and GO could form stronger bonding with the steel compared to neat PUA.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
MOLECULES
·
2023
·Vol. 28
·期 8
·3464
·
IF 4.6
Ke Wang,Chuan Liu,Wenxi Xie,Yihan Ke,Xiaoyong You,Binghao Jing,Yongqian Shi
With the depletion of fossil fuel energy and both the slow development and low utilization rate of new eco-friendly energy, finding new ways to efficiently store energy has become a research hotspot. Presently, polyethylene glycol (PEG) is an excellent heat storage material, but it is a typical solid-liquid phase change material (PCM) with a risk of leakage during phase transition. A combination of wood flour (WF) and PEG can effectively eliminate the risk of leakage after the melting of PEG. However, WF and PEG are both flammable materials, which impedes their application. Therefore, it is of great significance to expand their application by forming composites from among PEG, supporting mediums, and flame-retardant additives. This will improve both their flame retardancy and phase change energy storage performance, and will also lead to the preparation of excellent flame-retardant phase change composite materials with solid-solid phase change characteristics. To address this issue, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), organic modified montmorillonite (OMMT), and WF were blended into PEG in specific proportions to prepare a series of PEG/WF-based composites. Both thermal cycling tests and thermogravimetric analysis results demonstrated that the as-prepared composites had good thermal reliability and chemical stability. In addition, during differential scanning calorimetry tests, the PEG/WF/[email protected]composite presented the highest melting latent heat (176.6 J/g), and its enthalpy efficiency reached more than 98.3%. The PEG/WF/[email protected]composite also exhibited superior thermal insulation performance when compared to the pure PEG/WF composite. Furthermore, the PEG/WF/[email protected]composite exhibited a significant 50% reduction in peak heat release rate as a result of the synergistic effect between OMMT and APP in the gas and condensed phases. This work offers a useful strategy for the fabrication of multifunctional phase-change material, which is expected to broaden its industrial applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源存储
·
复合材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY
·
2024
·Vol. 48
·期 23
·10432-10445
·
IF 2.7
Da Li,Mingxin Feng,Haoran Cai,Yuhong Zhang,Haoxu Yao,Zewu Zhang,Jiehua Bao,Xiaohai Bu,Yuming Zhou
Conventional intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in augmenting flame retardancy but often increase smoke release. To improve the smoke suppression effect of IFRs, this study employed a one-pot method to prepare a loaded core–shell flame retardant material, namely APP@PMA–LDH. This was achieved by supramolecular assembly of phytic acid (PA) and melamine (MA) to form melamine phytate (PMA), which was coated onto ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and loaded with layered double hydroxide (LDH). APP@PMA–LDH was then compounded with a carbonized foam agent (CFA) and polypropylene (PP) to produce PP composite materials. The experimental results showed that the sample containing APP@PMA-LD H1.0 (with 1 wt% LDH) exhibited the highest effects, with a substantial reduction of 68.4% in the peak heat release rate and a 59.5% decrease in total smoke production relative to PP. Furthermore, the sample attained a limiting oxygen index of 30.3% and achieved the UL-94 V-0 rating. The analysis revealed that APP@PMA–LDH promotes the development of a dense and stable graphitic char layer on the surface of PP, reducing internal porosity and effectively hindering the emission of flammable volatile substances, thus increasing the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
燃烧与防火
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
·
2022
·Vol. 147
·期 17
·9431-9450
·
IF 4.755
Liu Fu-Ya,Zhou Xue-Ling,Zhao He,Hu Wei-Dong,Xu Jian-Zhong,Jiao Yun-Hong,Qu Hong-Qiang
The synergistic effect and mechanism of the spherical CoSn(OH) 6 (T-CHS) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on epoxy resin (EP) were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion test (UL-94), cone calorimeter, tensile machine, thermogravimetric analysis-coupled with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (TGA/FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectrometer. The results indicate that when the mass ratio of APP and T-CHS is 5.9:0.1 and 5.5:0.5, respectively, there is a synergistic effect between APP and T-CHS, and the flame retardant EP samples could pass the V-0 level of UL-94 test and their tensile properties have little difference to that of the blank EP. Compared with the blank EP, the total heat release and total smoke production of EP/5.9APP/0.1 T-CHS are decreased by 25% and 26%, respectively. TGA/FTIR results of the EP samples under N 2 atmosphere indicate the NH 3 production of EP/5.9APP/0.1 T-CHS is decreased by 47% and the CO 2 and H 2 O production is increased by 991% and 210%, respectively, when compared with that of the blank EP. APP and T-CHS show a good synergistic effect on promoting the retention of C, Co, Sn, and N elements in the char residues. The char residues of EP/5.9APP/0.1 T-CHS and EP/5.5APP/0.5 T-CHS samples contain Co 3 O 4 , CoO, SnO, SnO 2 , oxides of phosphorus, and Sn element, which form a more compact physical barrier.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Cleaner Production
·
2020
·
IF 7.246
Jiwen Yang,Guozhao Ji,Yuan Gao,Weng Fu,Muhammad Irfan,Lan Mu,Yulin Zhang,Aimin Li
Adsorptive removal by porous carbon materials has been considered an attractive technique to treat wastewater polluted by antibiotics. To produce porous biochar with high-yield and high-performance for chloramphenicol adsorption, this study prepared biochar from peanut shells using ammonium polyphosphate via pyrolysis . The combined effects of the main process parameters on biochar production were studied to determine the optimum operating conditions by response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design. Low-dose ammonium polyphosphate has a significant positive effect on the yield, surface functional groups, pore volume, and surface area of biochar. This is caused by the richness of nitrogen and phosphorus in ammonium polyphosphate and its flame retardant property. The high-yield biochar with a surface area of 979 ± 25 m 2 /g was obtained at a mass ratio of ammonium polyphosphate/peanut shell of 0.55, at 650 °C with a retention time of 60 min. The as-prepared biochar exhibited excellent adsorption performance with a monolayer chloramphenicol adsorption capacity of 423.7 mg/g. This was due to the high surface area, micropores formed by nano-sized particles, and richness of N- and P-containing functional groups. The characterization before and after chloramphenicol adsorption indicated micro-pore-filling, Van der Waals force , π-π interaction, and hydrogen-bonding interaction are the main adsorption mechanisms of chloramphenicol adsorption on as-prepared biochar. This study offered new insights on the preparation of biochar from waste biomass for application in wastewater treatment .
研究领域:
环境科学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2026
·
IF 3.1
Jinfeng Ji,Jinfeng Zhang,Haitao Zhou,Congcong Li,Xiaolong Zhao,Fei Xiao,Gang Tang
Epoxy resin (EP) is widely used in fields such as building materials, aerospace, and transportation; however, its high fire risk is considered the main factor limiting its practical use. To address this issue, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is coated with phosphorus-doped graphitic carbon nitride (PCN) to prepare PCN@APP. When compared with pure EP, the composite with high-loading APP is observed to exhibit reduced mechanical properties. In contrast, the composite containing modified APP is shown to demonstrate enhanced mechanical performance. Specifically, the flexural strength and tensile strength are increased by 9.13% and 45.09%, respectively. With the incorporation of 20 wt% PCN@APP, significant reductions are achieved in key fire parameters: the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), peak smoke production rate (PSPR), total smoke production (TSP), peak CO production (PCOP), and peak CO 2 production (PCO 2 P) are lowered by 66.6%, 66.2%, 71.8%, 78.7%, 65.5%, and 68.6%, respectively. TG-IR results indicate that after adding the PCN@APP filler, the absorbance of CO and NO is reduced by 80.2% and 67.9%, respectively, demonstrating significant suppression of fire toxicity. This work is considered to provide valuable inspiration for the straightforward design of APP-based flame retardants, thereby enhancing their flame-retardant efficiency.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2026
·
IF 8.1
Wei-Bin Bai,Ye Wang,Tian-Long Ma,Xin-Miao Li,Xiang-Kai Zhuang,Feng Chen,Yuan-Fang Ai,Hui-Hai Wan,Rong-Kun Jian
Developing epoxy resins (EP) simultaneously with high fire safety, mechanical strength and corrosion resistance using ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is imperative yet remains challenging, due to its limited flame-retardant efficiency, poor interfacial compatibility with the epoxy matrix, and lack of anti-corrosion ability. Although various sophisticated modifications of APP have been attempted to address this issue, the results remain unsatisfactory, and these modifications inevitably rely on auxiliary agents and complex procedures. Herein, a versatile ionic liquid, [DEA]D-ATA, readily synthesized via the neutralization of phosphoryl amitrole (D-ATA) and diethanolamine (DEA), serves as a curing agent, corrosion inhibitor, and flame-retardant synergist, and is demonstrated to simultaneously enhance the interfacial adhesion of APP within epoxy matrix via an in-situ cation exchange. Notably, the resulting [DEA]D-ATA/APP/EP composites exhibit significantly improved flame retardancy, reduced smoke release and toxic gases production, enhanced mechanical strengths and corrosion resistance relative to APP/EP cured by DEA. Specifically, the optimized [DEA]D-ATA/APP/EP attains a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 31.8% and a UL-94 V-0 rating, with a peak heat release rate (pHRR) of 335.2 kW/m 2 and total smoke production (TSP) of 11.7 m 2 , while retaining a tensile strength of 65.9 MPa, an impact strength of 14.2 kJ/m 2 , and an impedance modulus |Z| 0.01 Hz of 10 6 Ω·cm 2 after 30-day immersion in 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. These results collectively demonstrate that this strategy effectively alleviates the performance degradation typically associated with APP-based flame-retardant epoxy composites. Overall, this ionic liquid-mediated synergistic approach, integrating interfacial regulation, fire safety enhancement, and corrosion resistance improvement, offers a straightforward and effective route to multifunctional high-performance EP composites.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 8
Yan Li,Yongcai Tian,Yuyao Zhong,Xiangrui Zeng,Wenqian Zhao,Longxiang Zhang,Haoyuan Song,Yuwei Liang,Ming Yan,Shiji Jiang,Jun Xie
This study reports the green synthesis of ammonium polyphosphate-grafted lignin (APP@Lig) without organic solvents. The synthesis employed ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, urea, and phosphoric acid through nucleophilic substitution and polycondensation. Piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP) and APP@Lig were mixed at a 3:1 mass ratio and added to a high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/polyolefin elastomer (POE) composite system (PEPO) as flame retardants. With 30 wt% total flame retardant content, the composite achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 28.9 %. Cone calorimetry confirmed that the addition of APP@Lig reduced heat release significantly. Compared with pure PEPO, the composite showed 36.3 % lower total heat release (THR) and 82.9 % lower peak heat release rate (pHRR). The peak CO₂ release rate also decreased by 0.4 g·s⁻¹ . In addition, the fire performance index (FPI) increased by 76.5 % compared with the system containing only 30 % PAPP, indicating improved fire safety. The composite showed excellent UV resistance (UPF 44.31) due to lignin’s aromatic structures and phenolic hydroxyl groups. Overall, this work introduces a practical strategy for combining inorganic and bio-based flame retardants to enhance both flame retardancy and weather resistance in HDPE-based composites.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 8
Jinpeng Wang,Yang Su,Xue Yang,Fengrong Xin,Jian Wang,Chaoyi Fan,Zhen Yang,Dandan Peng,Zhehong Shen,Qun Fang,Sai Wu
As a bio-based wood product, plywood is widely used in furniture, flooring, packaging, architectural decoration, etc. However, the flammability of plywood limits its application. Using flame-retardant adhesives to prepare plywood is the simplest way to improve its flame-retardant properties. However, a challenge in flame-retardant adhesives arose from the negative effect of flame retardants on the curing and bonding properties of adhesives. Herein, we developed a method to prepare a flame-retardant adhesive modified by using Z-3A molecular sieves as carriers to load flame retardants such as phytic acid and ammonium polyphosphate. The flame-retardant performance of obtained plywood bonded by this flame-retardant adhesive was significantly improved with robust bonding strength under extraordinarily low loading of flame retardants. Even if the loading rate of ZPA flame retardant for 2-ZPA-5 plywood was as low as 2.2 %, the total smoke production and the maximal peak value of the heat release rate were reduced by 79 % and 14 %, respectively, with the limiting oxygen index being 33.6 %, the time to ignition delaying by 14 s, robust wet bonding strength being 1.79 MPa, anti-loss rate as 1.06 ± 0.18 %, and moisture absorption rate as 4.45 ± 0.14 %. The whole process needs neither tedious work or equipment nor high loading of flame retardants. This judicious design strategy offers a versatile and scalable approach to preparing flame retardant plywood.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
林业工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2025
·Vol. 17
·期 5
·667
·
IF 4.9
Jipeng Dou,Yong Xie,Rui Chen,Yan Qin
Stearic acid was used to modify the surface of a mixed flame-retardant powder consisting of aluminum hydroxide and ammonium polyphosphate by an uneven nucleation method, aiming to improve its dispersion in a vinyl resin matrix. This study investigated the effect of stearic acid dosage on the powder’s surface modification, characterized by infrared spectroscopy, activation degree, and laser particle size distribution. The dispersion of the modified powder in the resin matrix was evaluated by measuring the system viscosity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, and bending performance. The results indicated that when the stearic acid content was 1%, the powder exhibited the best overall coating effect, with a uniform particle size distribution and an activation degree of 73.6%. After the composite material was added to the resin, the system viscosity was 923 mPa·s, and SEM images showed good dispersion of the powder in the resin matrix. The cured resin demonstrated a bending strength of 41.86 MPa. However, the flame retardancy slightly decreased, with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) dropping from 24.6% for the unmodified sample to 24.0%. When the stearic acid content exceeded 1%, the powder’s particle size increased dramatically. Although the activation degree also increased, the improvement was not significant. The addition of the powder to the resin resulted in a higher system viscosity, and the flame retardancy deteriorated sharply, with the vertical burning rating dropping from FV-1 to FV-2. Considering flame retardancy, mechanical properties, and processing performance, the composite material with 1% stearic acid demonstrated the best overall performance.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2010
·Vol. 95
·期 5
·763-770
·
IF 2.154
Chen-Hao Ke,Juan Li,Ke-Yi Fang,Qi-Liang Zhu,Jin Zhu,Qing Yan,Yu-Zhong Wang
A novel hyperbranched polyamine charring agent (HPCA), a derivative of triazines , was synthesized and well characterized by 1 H NMR and FTIR . HPCA and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were added into polylactide (PLA) resin as an intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system to impart flame retardancy and dripping resistance to PLA. The flammability and thermal stability of IFR-PLA composites were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning, cone calorimetry and thermogravometric analysis (TGA) tests. The results showed that the IFR system had both excellent flame retardant and anti-dripping abilities for PLA. The TGA curves suggested that HPCA has good ability of char formation and when combined with APP, would induce synergistic effect which could be clearly observed. This effect greatly promoted the char formation of IFR-PLA composites, hence improved the flame retardant property. Additionally, the structure and morphology of char residues were studied by XPS , FTIR and SEM.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
·
热分析
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2019
·
IF 3.78
Tao Zhang,Youji Tao,Feng Zhou,Haibo Sheng,Shuilai Qiu,Chao Ma,Yuan Hu
Due to the inherent flammability of polypropylene (PP), it is limited in the application of flame retardant materials. In this work, a novel char forming agent, hyperbranched phosphorus-containing polyurethane (HPPU), was synthesized and used as efficient char forming agent. When ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was combined with HPPU, APP/HPPU endow PP significantly improved flame retardancy than single APP. Although the total carbon monoxide production (TCOP) of some PP/APP/HPPU composites is higher than that of PP/APP composite, it is still lower than that of neat PP. LOI (limited oxygen index) and UL-94 tests reveal that PP composites with 25 wt% HPPU/APP with ratio of 4:1 are able to reach 27 vol% and V-0 rating, respectively. The addition of 25 wt% APP/HPPU with ratio of 2:1 into PP can result in decrease in peak heat release rate of about 72%, decrease in total heat release of about 38% and decrease in TCOP of about 93%. APP/HPPU promotes PP to form more stable, compact, and continuous char layer which effectively hinder heat and oxygen transfer and protect the inner matrix from decomposition. Thermogravimetric-infrared results reveal that the gas phase flame retardant mechanism of APP/HPPU is the dilution effect of ammonia from APP and the flame inhibition effect of phosphorus-containing species from HPPU.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）