POLYMER
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2021
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IF 4.43
Yinglu Sun,Dekun Sheng,Haohao Wu,Xinxin Tian,Haopu Xie,Biru Shi,Xiangdong Liu,Yuming Yang
Synthesis of vitrimer with dynamic covalent bond is a surprising solution to overcome the inherent limitations of traditional thermosets . A bio-based vitrimer-like polyurethane formed by castor oil , vanillin , m-xylylenediamine and 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate in the preparation has superior mechanical properties , good solvent resistance , good thermal stability. Furthermore, the existence of dynamic imine bond in the vitrimer-like polyurethane is prone for polyurethane to rapid stress relaxation behavior, remoldability, weldability , antibacterial ability. With the hydrolysis of the imine bond, the material can be rapidly degraded at 60 °C for 1 h. In addition, it's commendable that the material exhibits excellent reprocessability that can be maintained at 86% even after 3 consecutive smash/mold pressing cycles. This work provides a promising method to manufacture bio-based polyurethane thermosets with excellent reprocessability, rapidly-degradable and antibacterial property, which has also promoted the high-value utilization of biomass materials.
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高影响因子
MATERIALS & DESIGN
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2019
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IF 5.77
Xinxin Yang,Lizhen Guo,Xu Xu,Shibin Shang,He Liu
Vitrimers are a new type of polymers with promising applications in innovative materials. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) is an ideal candidate for vitrimer preparation owing to its abundant epoxy groups. However, preparing plant oil-based vitrimers with high glass transition temperatures (T g ) and strength remains challenging. A novel and fully bio-based vitrimer with a T g above room temperature was synthesized from ESO and a rosin derivative-fumaropimaric acid (FPA) and exhibited excellent self-healing, shape memory, and reprocessing due to the presence of dynamic covalent bond exchange. The fully bio-based ESO-FPA vitrimer exhibited a T g of 65 °C and a tensile strength of 16 MPa, which resulted from the rigid structure and tricarboxylic groups of FPA. The effect of transesterification reactions on the network structure was confirmed through stress relaxation. Our work expands the applications of commercial ESO in vitrimer materials and provides a novel approach to prepare bio-based vitrimers with desirable properties.
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高影响因子
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
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2024
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IF 5.5
Chuanyin Xiong,Yongkang Zhang,Congmin Zheng,Yong Yin,Qing Xiong,Mengjie Zhao,Bo Wang
With the rapid development of flexible electronic devices towards small, light, and high-performance, people's requirements for electrode materials that affect energy storage devices are also increasing. It is crucial to prepare composite electrode materials with excellent comprehensive performance through reasonable design. This study successfully prepared a novel Ni-metal-organic framework (Ni-MOF) @ cellulose nanofibers (CNF)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) -Vitrimer (MOF@CNF/rGO-V) electrode material through freeze-drying and solvent-thermal methods. In the hybrid, CNF not only prevents the stacking of rGO but also serves as a flexible substrate for loading Ni-MOF, while the porous structure of the CNF aerogel provides numerous channels for electrolyte ions to store and transport. The presence of Ni-MOF loaded on the conductive substrate contributes to a high pseudo-capacitance, ultimately yielding a composite material with a high specific capacitance (189.9 F g −1 ). Furthermore, when the composite was assembled into a symmetric supercapacitor device, it exhibited an energy density of 35.61 W h kg −1 at a power density of 641.07 W kg −1 and a remarkable cycling stability of up to 96.59% after experiencing 20,000 cycles. In addition, the introduction of Vitrimer successfully prevented electrode material detachment or fracture during use while maintaining excellent electrochemical and mechanical properties, imparting shape-memory functionality. The as-fabricated MOF@CNF/rGO-V composite electrode material holds significant promise and attractiveness in the field of flexible wearable electronics.
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高影响因子
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
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2024
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IF 4.4
Yuehong Zhang,Shutong Zhang,Mengjiao Zhai,Bin Wei,Bin Lyu,Leipeng Liu
In order to develop a more sustainable and environmentally friendly epoxy resin, castor oil (CO)-based epoxy vitrimers based on dynamic ester bonds and disulfide bonds were prepared through epoxy-carboxylic acid, epoxy-amine, and free-radical polymerization reactions using epoxidized methacrylated castor oil as the epoxy prepolymer, glycerol methacrylate as the reactive diluent, and itaconic acid (IA) and 4,4′-dithiodiphenylamine (AFD) as the curing agents. The curing kinetics, curing degree, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and recycling characteristics of the EMCO-GMA-IA-AFD epoxy vitrimers were investigated. When the molar ratio of IA to AFD was 5:5, the EMCO-GMA-IA-AFD5:5 vitrimer exhibited a balanced comprehensive performance with a storage modulus of 1715 MPa, a tensile strength of 16.8 MPa, and a Tg of 44.6 °C. Meanwhile, the dynamic ester bonds and disulfide bonds within the system endowed the EMCO-GMA-IA-AFD vitrimer with self-healing ability and recyclability; the activation energy of reversible exchange reactions reached 89.29 kJ/mol, and the self-healing efficiency reached 94.6%. In addition, the EMCO-GMA-IA-AFD vitrimer was chemically degradable. Overall, this work provides a promising and feasible route for the preparation of sustainable CO-based epoxy with superior comprehensive properties.
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JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
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2025
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IF 2.8
Ying Hu,Xin Wu,Lin Zhou,Yan Kou,Ming Huang,Mao Chen
Epoxy resin, as a widely utilized insulating material in the field of electronic device encapsulation, faces challenges in achieving nondestructive disassembly of end-of-life devices and material recycling due to its three-dimensional cross-linked network structure, despite providing excellent mechanical properties. Additionally, it lacks autonomous repair capabilities when subjected to mechanical damage. To address these critical industry challenges, this study introduces dynamic disulfide bonds into the epoxy potting system, designing an epoxy vitrimer material with topologically reconfigurable network capabilities. This approach offers a viable solution for advancing the sustainable development of electronic encapsulation materials. The experiment employed an epoxy monomer containing dynamic disulfide bonds and a trifunctional thiol curing agent to prepare epoxy vitrimer potting insulation materials via a one-pot thiol-epoxy click reaction. The synthesized vitrimer demonstrates outstanding thermal stability ( T d = 318°C), electrical breakdown strength ( E b = 27.09 kV/mm), rapid stress relaxation behavior ( τ = 39 s), and superior hydrophobicity (contact angle = 118°). Furthermore, the encapsulated electronic components function normally, while the material's dynamic properties enable nondestructive recycling of components, autonomous repair of mechanical damage, and shape memory characteristics. The material maintains robust stability even after multiple high-low temperature cycles.
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MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
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2025
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IF 2.7
Xin Wu,Chao Yan,Ying Hu,Junlei Tang,Xiuli Zhao,Mao Chen
Vitrimers are covalently crosslinked networks with dynamic bond exchange, where their dynamic behavior is typically regulated by adjusting network structures or incorporating fillers. This study introduces graphite flakes (GFs) into sulfur-containing. Vitrimers to investigate their effects on mechanical properties, stress relaxation, and thermal conductivity. The results demonstrate that adding 10 wt.% GFs increases tensile strength by 4.37% compared to pure epoxy vitrimer, while higher filler content reduces toughness and decelerates stress relaxation. At 160 °C, the characteristic relaxation time rises from 15.35 s (pure vitrimer) to 108.85 s (40 wt% GFs composite). The Arrhenius prefactor ( τ₀ ) decreases with GFs loading, whereas the activation energy ( E a ) remains nearly unaffected. Additionally, 40 wt.% GFs enhance thermal diffusivity by 110.17% due to oriented phonon transport channels. Chemical recycling via DTT solution achieves complete matrix degradation and filler recovery without damaging GFs. This study provided valuable insights for optimizing vitrimer composites, particularly in enhancing thermal conductivity and modulating dynamic properties.
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高影响因子
EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
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2026
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IF 6.8
Pandeng Li,Tingting Liu,Gen Lu,Tong Shu,Tianyi Yu,Junqi Yang,Hengwei Fu,Haoping Du,Penghao Sun,Ziqi Hou,Chunhua Fu,Longjiang Yu
Vitrimer curing temperatures typically exceed their fully cured glass transition temperature ( T g ), limiting their compatibility with heat-sensitive materials. Herein, a heat-resistant, recyclable polyimine vitrimer is synthesized below the fully cured T g by using polyethyleneimine replacing the commonly used tris(2-aminoethyl)amine as a crosslinker. It attains a gel content of 99 % upon curing at 120 °C, while exhibiting a T g of 155 °C, a thermal expansion coefficient comparable to thermosets (33.8 μm m −1 °C −1 ), and a 5 % weight-loss temperature of 279 °C. Moreover, 99 % of tensile strength is retained after recycling. This mild curing behavior arises from a solvent-thermal synergistic network evolution mechanism that differs from conventional thermosets. Before solvent removal, polyethyleneimine shows higher reaction kinetics than tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, which promotes a more rapid evolution from oligomers to a crosslinked network. The solvent’s plasticizing effect maintains a diffusion-unconstrained state of the network, enabling its sustained growth. After solvent removal, a continuous high-crosslinked network with dispersed low-crosslinked domains is formed, yielding a gel content of 90 %. Subsequent mild heating (120 °C) activates segmental mobility in low-crosslinked domains, enabling their integration into the continuous high-crosslinked network and completing curing. In contrast, tris(2-aminoethyl)amine systems require 180 °C to activate segmental mobility within the discontinuous high-crosslinked domains, enabling interdomain crosslinking to achieve full curing. These findings provide novel network evolution routes and strategies for mild curing of heat-resistant vitrimers.
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高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
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2022
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IF 11.322
Jingying Peng,Shuyi Xie,Tao Liu,Dingyan Wang,Rongxian Ou,Chuigen Guo,Qingwen Wang,Zhenzhen Liu
The lack of functionalities such as degradability, antibacterial, and flame retardancy is the key to limit the further wide application of conventional epoxy thermosets . In this work, a novel bio-based multifunctional amine curing agent (named HVPA), was successfully synthesized via the Schiff base reaction between six-vanillin functionalized cyclophosphazene and N-methylethylenediamine. And an epoxy vitrimer (HVPA/GDE) was fabricated by utilizing HVPA to cure the bio-based epoxy of glycerol diglycidyl ether (GDE). Ascribing to the even distribution of dynamic imine bond in each crosslinking linkage, this synthetic HVPA/GDE vitrimer presented excellent comprehensive properties including fast self-healing (8 min for 100%, without any pressure), excellent shape memory, easy reprocessability (1.5 MPa, 3 min, 100 °C), mild degradation, and superior bacterial resistance to both Gram-negative bacteria ( E. coli ) and Gram-positive bacteria ( S. aureus ) . Moreover, due to the high content of N/P elements and benzene groups within the network structure, this HVPA/GDE not only exhibited excellent flame retardancy but also possessed good UV resistance and transparency, while maintaining comparable mechanical strength compared to the control group of commercial amine curing agent 4,4-Diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) cured epoxy resin (DDM/GDE). Therefore, this work provides a facile strategy for fabricating multi-functional and high-performance bio-based epoxy resins.
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高影响因子
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
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2021
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IF 9.229
Die Tang,Lun Zhang,Xiaoyu Zhang,Liqiang Xu,Ke Li,Aimin Zhang
Soft actuators with apparent uniqueness in exhibiting complex shape morphing are highly desirable for artificial intelligence applications. However, for the majority of soft actuators, in general, it is challenging to achieve versatility, durability, and configurability simultaneously. Enormous works are devoted to meet the multifunctional smart actuators, to little effect. Herein, self-healing and bio-mimetic smart actuators are proposed based on azobenzene chromophores and dynamic disulfide bonds. Benefiting from the dynamic and drivable vitrimer liquid crystal elastomer (V-LCE) materials, a series of actuators with single or compound dynamic three-dimensional structures were fabricated, which were capable of double-stimuli response and complex “bionic” motions, such as the blooming of a flower, grasping and loosening an object, and so forth. Moreover, these flexible actuators showed fascinating properties, such as high robustness, excellent elasticity–plasticity shape-memory properties (Rf and Rr are close to 100%), easily reconfigurable property, and self-healing. This smart V-LCE provides a guideline to design and fabricate soft versatility actuators, which has prospects for developing smart bionic and artificial intelligence devices.
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PubMed
高影响因子
POLYMER TESTING
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2023
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IF 5.1
Hechen Liu,Zhanglin Sun,Liwei Wei,Yunpeng Liu,Songsong Zhou,Qi Ge,Chang Liu,Xinyang Li
Traditional thermosetting epoxy resins are widely applied in many fields due to their excellent performance. However, stable internal crosslinked networks hinder the repair of epoxy resins damaged during the operation and the recycling of decommissioned epoxy resins. Since vitrimers are epoxy resins that exhibit dynamic covalent bonding, reversible repair properties, and recyclability, they offer a potential solution to this problem. Therefore, by introducing an ester-exchange catalyst, we further introduced disulfide (S–S) bonds to the crosslinked network to construct a vitrimer resin exhibiting double-dynamic bonds, systematically investigated the basic thermodynamic and electrical properties of resins containing different S–S bond contents, and studied the self-healing properties of the possible multispecies and multiscale physical and electrical damages during device operation. Moreover, we investigated the self-healing properties of resins containing different S–S bonding contents. Results showed that the resin exhibited excellent electrical insulation, and the dynamic properties of the resin increased with the increasing number of S–S bonds in the crosslinked network, which considerably increased the repair efficiency and damage repair scale. In addition, the excellent dynamic properties rendered the resin degradable, enabling the non-destructive recycling of valuable materials from the resin matrix and specific processable remodelling and endowed the resin with thermally elastic shape memory properties. This work helps expand the class of vitrimer resins and promotes the application of vitrimers for manufacturing environmentally friendly electrical equipment.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
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2023
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IF 8.2
Zihao Feng,Wei Zhao,Liuping Jin,Jiarong Zhang,Bailiang Xue,Yonghao Ni
Natural polysaccharides show enviable advantages for preparation of sustainable hybrid materials. However, in most cases, complex chemical modifications of natural polysaccharides are required, which not only causes changes of the inherent properties of polysaccharides, but also increases the manufacturing costs of the final materials. Therefore, it is highly desired to develop efficient and low-cost ways to access polysaccharides-containing hybrid materials. In this work, we report the environmentally friendly preparation of a new kind of polysaccharide-based materials, called polysaccharide-vitrimer hybrid materials, for the first time. The vitrimer synthesis and hybridization with polysaccharides can be achieved via a convenient one-pot method in absence of solvent and catalyst. In addition, time-consuming and labor-intensive physical/chemical modifications of natural polysaccharides are completely avoided. The resultant hybrid materials show good mechanical performance (tensile toughness is up to 13.7 MJ/m 3 ), high thermal stability (T d,max is up to 457 °C), fast self-healing ability (self-healing efficiency is up to 99 % within 20s at 80 °C) and excellent reprocessability and recyclability (at least three cycles). Especially, conductive polysaccharide-vitrimer hybrid materials could be readily prepared from the resultant materials, exhibiting novel applications as flexible sensors and electromagnetic shielding materials (the EMI SE is up to 24.93 dB).
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PubMed
高影响因子
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
·
2023
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IF 8.4
Chumeng Luo,Weichao Wang,Wei Yang,Xingyu Liu,Jun Lin,Liqun Zhang,Shaojian He
Epoxy (EP) vitrimers are currently regarded as ideal substitutes for traditional thermosetting resins, as this class of materials combines the advantages of thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. However, maintaining the high performance of EP vitrimers with excellent healing properties remains a challenge. In this work, a novel hardener combining disulfide and imine bonds through the reaction of Schiff base (4-AFD-VAN) was designed and then used to prepare the EP vitrimer with dual-dynamic covalent bonds. Compared to the single-disulfide-containing vitrimer (EVP-4-AFD), the prepared EP vitrimer (EPV-4-AFD-VAN) exhibited a lower activation energy and a faster stress relaxation. Moreover, EPV-4-AFD-VAN showed a tensile strength of up to 71.5 MPa and maintained a recovery ratio of approximately 90.0% during the three cycles. Similar to traditional thermoset EP, EPV-4-AFD-VAN retained its good solvent resistance, high breakdown strength, and good dielectric properties, which can be chemically degraded in suitable solvents, demonstrating its environmental sustainability.
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