COLLOIDS AND SURFACES B-BIOINTERFACES
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2026
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IF 5.9
Xueyan Hu,Enlian Tang,Fute Li,Ruiqi Wang,Sixian Cao,Cui Wang,Hao Wu
Functionalized dendritic MSNs with uniform size and good biocompatibility were synthesized as vaccine adjuvants. • MSN-GPTMS-CS elicits strong humoral (IgM, IgG1, IgG2b) and elevated IgG2a (cellular immunity). • MSN-GPTMS-CS overcomes aluminum adjuvant limit by eliciting coordinated humoral/cellular responses without systemic toxicity. Vaccine adjuvants are critical for enhancing immune responses. Although aluminum-based adjuvants are widely used in clinical practice and can improve immunogenicity, they exhibit significant limitations, including limited immunostimulatory capacity and difficulty in precisely controlling response quality. They primarily induce humoral immunity, show limited ability to activate cellular immunity, and are associated with potential risks of cumulative neurotoxicity. In this study, dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) with uniform particle size were synthesized and subsequently functionalized with amino groups, epoxy groups, or epoxy–chitosan to generate the adjuvant systems MSN-APTES, MSN-GPTMS, and MSN-GPTMS-CS, respectively. All adjuvant formulations exhibited well-controlled physicochemical properties and favorable biocompatibility. Using ovalbumin (OVA) as a model antigen, the adjuvant activities of MSN, MSN-APTES, MSN-GPTMS, and MSN-GPTMS-CS were evaluated in mice. MSN-GPTMS-CS induced a strong IgM response by day 14 and significantly increased IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b titers by day 28, with humoral immunity comparable to that induced by aluminum adjuvants. The elevated IgG2a levels suggest effective activation of cellular immunity, indicating concurrent humoral and cellular immune responses, and no obvious systemic toxicity was observed. Collectively, MSN-GPTMS-CS represents a promising strategy capable of simultaneously eliciting potent humoral and cellular immune responses, thereby providing a foundation for the development of engineered adjuvant-based vaccines that induce coordinated immune activation.
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JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE
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2026
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IF 3.9
Chenghua Yu,Xueyi Huang,Junjiang Teng,Hao Ma,Yanhui Qiao,Chaochao Yue,Yating Wang
In this work, superhydrophobic chitosan microspheres were fabricated via spray drying of chitosan aqueous solution followed by surface silanization modification. Characterization methods, namely laser particle size analysis, SEM, and FTIR, were adopted to systematically investigate the particle size distribution, micromorphology, and chemical composition of chitosan microspheres. Experimental results revealed the dissolution medium exerted a remarkable effect on the microscopic morphology of as-prepared microspheres. Hydrophobicity characterization verified the silanized chitosan microspheres possessed excellent hydrophobic performance with a water contact angle of 153.3°. Antibacterial assays confirmed that the modified chitosan microspheres exhibited an antibacterial efficiency of 95.42% against Escherichia coli . Furthermore, functional composite coatings were constructed by uniformly spraying the modified chitosan microspheres onto filter paper substrates. The coated filter paper presented a water contact angle of 152.1°, which enabled it to achieve efficient separation of oil–water mixtures. Notably, the modified filter paper retained a water contact angle over 150.0° after immersion in acidic, neutral, and weakly alkaline solutions and maintained stable superhydrophobicity even after 90 cycles of weighted friction tests. This study proposes feasible technical strategies for the functional modification of chitosan microspheres and offers valuable references for their practical deployment as coating materials in functional filter paper fabrication. Graphical Chitosan microparticles are prepared by spray drying and subsequent silane grafting. Silane modification provides superhydrophobicity, while the inherent amino groups of chitosan deliver favorable antibacterial properties, resulting in constructing multifunctional biomass materials.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
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2026
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IF 8.7
Yanhui Li,Wenhu Zhou
A green fluorescent cholesterol biosensor (ChOx-MNH) was developed by immobilizing cholesterol oxidase (ChOx) within a nanomagnetic chitosan–polyacrylamide (CS–PAAm) hydrogel matrix. The structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of the biosensor were examined using FT-IR, XRD, TGA, FE-SEM, TEM, BET, MTT, and VSM analyses. The resulting ChOx-MNH acts as a metal-oxide/enzyme composite catalyst, thereby establishing a cascade-based sensing approach for cholesterol determination. ChOx catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol, followed by the catalytic decomposition of generated hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) into highly reactive hydroxyl radicals ( • OH) by Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles. These radicals subsequently react with coumarin to form fluorescent 7-hydroxycoumarin, whose emission intensity increases proportionally with cholesterol concentration. During method development, the effects of coumarin concentration, reaction medium pH, and nanozyme (Fe 3 O 4 ) content on the fluorescence response were systematically evaluated, and suitable operating conditions were selected to ensure efficient signal generation. Under these conditions, the biosensor enabled selective and quantitative cholesterol detection over a linear range of 0.0996–12.93 mM with a limit of detection of 0.4638 mM. In addition to its analytical performance, the proposed platform offers advantages such as low cost, environmental compatibility, and convenient magnetic separation. The practical applicability of the ChOx-MNH was further demonstrated by the analysis of human serum samples, which showed good agreement with a commercial diagnostic kit. Download: Download high-res image (210KB) Download: Download full-size image
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Pharmaceutics
·
2026
·Vol. 18
·期 6
·682
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IF 6.9
Shiyuan Lin,Feixian Lu,Qiao Li,Kefeng Zhang,Wei Zhang,Hui Chen,Jianxin Wang
Background : Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by the abnormal activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and excessive deposition of the extracellular matrix. Currently, effective clinical therapeutic strategies remain limited. Modulating ferroptosis-related pathways in activated HSCs has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for hepatic fibrosis treatment. Methods : An amphiphilic copolymer was synthesized by conjugating COS with ART, which spontaneously self-assembled into micelles; subsequent modification with retinoic acid (RA) yielded RA-functionalized ART–COS copolymer micelles. Curcumin was selected as a model drug to evaluate the potential of the micelles in enhancing intestinal epithelial transport, oral absorption and bioavailability. Meanwhile, in vitro targeting ability, capacity to modulate ferroptosis in HSCs and in vivo therapeutic efficacy were systematically investigated. Results : The RA-functionalized ART–COS micelles significantly enhanced intestinal epithelial drug transport, oral absorption, and bioavailability. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the micelles preferentially accumulate in activated HSCs, inhibit GPX4 expression, and induce excessive ROS production and ferroptosis, thereby effectively attenuating hepatic fibrosis. In vivo studies confirmed that the micelles regulated extracellular matrix metabolism, reduced collagen deposition, suppressed the activation and proliferation of HSCs, and ultimately helped attenuate hepatic fibrosis progression. Conclusions : This study successfully developed RA-functionalized ART–COS copolymer micelles. The micelles improve the accumulation of artesunate in liver tissue and yield favorable anti-fibrotic effects, thereby providing a promising translational strategy for anti-fibrotic therapy.
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Advanced Healthcare Materials
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2026
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IF 11
Xingxiu Jiang,Haoliang Shi,Binbin Chu,Yulan Gu,Yicheng Zhang,Li Wang,Yao He,Xiaofeng Zhang
Among working-age adults in the contemporary era, more than 30% of individuals with diabetes are at risk of developing diabetic retinopathy (DR), a progressive ocular disorder that is the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness. Despite its high prevalence, treatment options remain limited. Current therapeutic strategies only focus on the inhibition of neovascularization or prevention of vascular leakage. Additionally, the majority of conventional eye drop formulations fail to deliver drugs efficiently to the retina, further limiting clinical applicability. To address these issues, we herein designed and developed an eye drop formulation based on the chitosan-modified liposomes encapsulating epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), capable of transporting EGCG from the ocular surface to the retina. Mechanistic studies revealed that efficient retinal delivery of EGCG could protect Müller cells against high glucose (HG)-induced injury via SIRT1-BNIP3-mediated mitophagy. In vivo, the developed EGCG@CS-LIP showed enhanced fundus delivery and therapeutic efficacy compared with conventional liposomes or free EGCG systems, attributed to the transient modulation of corneal tight junctions. More importantly, the EGCG@CS-LIP eye drops could effectively increase the expression level of SIRT1 protein and inhibit the apoptosis and damage in retina, thus exerting significant in vivo therapeutic effects for the effective treatments of DR. Lastly, the constructed EGCG@CS-LIP indicated the excellent ocular biocompatibility, highlighting its promise for future clinical translation in DR therapy.
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FOOD HYDROCOLLOIDS
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2026
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IF 13.8
Xiaoyan He,Changhu Xue,Xianshu Wang,Tiantian Zhang,Tongjie Liu,Qingrong Huang,Zihao Wei
The limited robustness of probiotics during food processing and gastrointestinal transit remains a major obstacle to their effective formulation and delivery, highlighting the need for coating strategies that integrate complementary protective functions at the bacterial surface. In this study, a hierarchical chitosan–lipid bilayer was constructed on individual Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG cells through sequential interfacial assembly. Unlike matrix-type encapsulation or simple single-layer coatings, this design directly organized an electrostatically anchored chitosan inner layer and a membrane-like lipid outer layer on the bacterial surface, thereby combining hydration buffering with barrier protection within a single-cell interface. Structural characterization supported the sequential formation of a chitosan–lipid coating closely associated with the bacterial surface, while normal growth behavior was maintained. Compared with uncoated and single-layer-coated counterparts, the bilayer-coated probiotics exhibited consistently enhanced resistance to multiple processing- and digestion-relevant stresses, including thermal treatment, freeze–thaw cycling, storage, and simulated gastrointestinal digestion. The bilayer architecture also improved the retention of intracellular enzyme activity after freeze-drying, indicating better maintenance of cellular integrity. In addition, heat-inactivated bilayer-coated bacteria displayed a more favorable anti-inflammatory cytokine profile in macrophage models, as evidenced by reduced TNF-α production and increased IL-10 secretion, suggesting better retention of structure-associated immunomodulatory activity. Overall, these results indicate that a hierarchically organized polysaccharide–lipid interface can improve probiotic stability and functional maintenance under in vitro processing- and digestion-relevant conditions, providing a useful design basis for single-cell probiotic coating strategies.
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
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2026
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IF 7.8
Jidi Liu,Huicong Feng,Yingqi Liu,Tong Zhu,Han Wang,Jing Wang,Fu Zhu,Shuang Gao,Xinru Wang,Rusi Zhang,Xifan Mei,Chao Wu,He Tian
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a highly disabling trauma, and the inflammatory response plays a critical role in disease progression. The detrimental inflammatory microenvironment exacerbates neuronal apoptosis and suppresses axonal regeneration. Methyl eugenol (ME), the primary active ingredient in the traditional Chinese medicine Asarum, possesses multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant. In this study, we developed glutathione-chitosan modified ME liposomes (GCME-LIPO) for the intranasal delivery in SCI treatment. The GCME-LIPO was achieved by encapsulating ME in liposomes, chitosan was electrostatically adsorbed on the surface to enhance mucosal adhesion, and Glutathione was covalently bonded to the amino groups of chitosan. The nanoparticles were well-dispersed, approximately 200 nm in size, and biocompatible. Following intranasal administration, GCME-LIPO showed enhanced accumulation in the injured spinal cord and increased localization around microglia. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that GCME-LIPO significantly downregulated the expressions of TNF-α, iNOS and IL-1β and upregulated the levels of IL-4 and Arg-1. In addition, motor function in SCI mice was significantly improved after GCME-LIPO treatment. The underlying mechanism of GCME-LIPO was associated with the inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway activation. This study provides a strategy for applying ME in SCI treatment, demonstrating considerable application potential.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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2026
·Vol. 61
·期 1
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IF 3.3
Jin Danping,Amna Dua,Wang Qingcheng,Yao Jingzi,Zhang Xinxin,Li Zhi,Lang Hongjie,Chen Yunyun,Zhong Kang,Li Sijuan,Shen Qing
To develop a green and functional hydrogel for potential application as a wound dressing, in this study, composite hydrogels were prepared using corn starch and chitosan as the matrix, with citric acid (CA) at a series of concentrations (5%–20%, wt/wt) serving as a green crosslinking agent. Resveratrol (Res) was loaded into these hydrogels, and the influences of CA concentration on the swelling and gel characteristics of the composite hydrogels were systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that the hydrogel crosslinked with 10% CA (designated as SCA10%) exhibited the optimal comprehensive performance, achieving an equilibrium swelling ratio of 228% and appropriate gel strength. Structural analysis confirmed the formation of crosslinking between CA and starch/chitosan, as well as the successful loading of Res into the hydrogel matrix. Notably, microscopic images revealed that the incorporation of Res resulted in a more well-developed and uniform porous structure in SCA10%-Res. Additionally, this composite hydrogel showed robust antibacterial activity. Collectively, the prepared starch-chitosan-CA-Res hydrogel holds significant potential for applications in wound repair and localised drug delivery. It also provides a valuable reference for the green fabrication of natural polymer-based functional materials.
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
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2026
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IF 5.1
Nian Xiang,Chuanyang Chen,Yuming Lin,Wang Li,Zuzeng Qin,Yiheng Ruan,Tongming Su,Xuan Luo,Xinling Xie
Stimuli-responsive fertilizers show great potential for precision nutrient delivery but are often limited by single responsiveness and unsynchronized release with plant growth demands. This study developed a novel polysaccharide-based thermo-pH dual stimuli-responsive gating microcapsule (CSMC-g-PNM) via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and methacrylic acid (MAA) were sequentially grafted into the chitosan microcapsules (CSMC), with thermo-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) acting as a macromolecular initiator for the subsequent grafting of MAA by reactivating dormant chain ends. Independent chain lengths of PNIPAM and PMAA were achieved by controlling grafting time, endowing the microcapsules with reversible and dual-responsive gating properties. The PNIPAM and PMAA chains acted as dual-responsive gating mechanisms, extending below the low critical solution temperature (LCST) (25 °C) or above pKa (pH 8), closing the gates to slow release. Conversely, when the temperature exceeds 40 °C or is below the pKa (pH 3), the chains contract, opening the gates to accelerate release. CSMC-g-PNM demonstrated sustained urea release (cumulative release 80.79% over 168 h), following First-order kinetics and Korsmeyer-Peppas diffusion-erosion mechanisms. Biodegradation studies affirmed the system’s environmental compatibility, showing a controlled weight loss of up to 19.74% after 35 days in soil. Furthermore, pot experiments demonstrated significant agricultural efficacy, with maize seedlings treated with CSMC-g-PNM-6 in acidic soil achieving a plant height of 44.1 cm, significantly outperforming the 33.1 cm observed with unmodified microcapsules. This work provides a robust and sustainable strategy for designing intelligent nutrient delivery systems, advancing the development of solutions for precision agriculture.
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CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
·
2026
·
IF 13.2
Ruirui Guan,Yuhui Su,Shanshan Li,Shuo Yang,Xiaoyun Li,Xiaoying Wang
Standard dressings struggle to conform to irregular wounds, which can easily lead to bacterial infection and impair the healing process. In this study, an injectable, self-healing hydrogel inspired by mussel and oyster adhesion was developed from dihydrocaffeic acid-modified chitosan, oxidized sodium alginate, and Laponite nanosheets. Benefiting from the synergistic reinforcement of dynamic imine bonds and the physical filling of the nanosheets, along with other physical interactions, the hydrogel can be extruded through a syringe and form filaments approximately 0.5 mm in diameter. By enabling slow catechol oxidation while limiting oxygen diffusion in the confined nanospace, Laponite nanoplatelets conferred the hydrogel a wet adhesion strength of 520.2 kPa on porcine skin at 24 h. The hydrogel with Laponite is shown to reduce the survival rates of both S. aureus and E. coli to below 0.35%, indicating effective bactericidal efficacy. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the hydrogel significantly promotes the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of HUVECs. Animal experiments confirmed that the hydrogel accelerates epidermal regeneration and collagen deposition, reduces the inflammatory factor TNF-α, and upregulates the expression of angiogenesis-related genes. More importantly, the hydrogel achieved a 96.7% closure rate for S. aureus -infected wounds by day 13.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICS
·
2026
·
IF 6
Sijie Zhou,Zeqi Liu,Yangrui Du,Qian Zheng,Zhiyu Du
Postoperative corneal haze, driven by aberrant TGF-β1-mediated fibrosis, remains a formidable clinical challenge following refractive surgery. Current steroid therapies are compromised by severe side effects, including steroid-induced glaucoma. Herein, we report a nanoparticle (CCB@TET) comprising a tetrandrine-loaded bovine serum albumin core and a 3-carboxyphenylboronic acid-modified chitosan shell for corneal haze prevention. The optimized nanoplatform (202 nm, +35 mV) exhibited high drug loading (39.25%) and sustained release. The shell coating endowed dual transport mechanisms: mucoadhesion via electrostatic interaction and reversible tight junction opening via occludin downregulation, facilitating enhanced transcorneal permeation. In vitro, CCB@TET suppressed human corneal stromal cell migration and myofibroblast transdifferentiation without compromising epithelial wound healing. In a rabbit transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy haze model, topical CCB@TET outperformed free tetrandrine and clinical fluorometholone, while avoiding steroid-induced intraocular pressure elevation. Mechanistically, CCB@TET was found to suppress the TGF-β1/Smad signaling cascade through ITGB6 downregulation, as revealed by transcriptomic screening and biochemical validation. This study presents a rationally designed nanoplatform for safe and effective prevention of postoperative corneal haze. Postoperative corneal haze remains a clinical challenge due to severe side effects of current anti-fibrotic agents. Herein, a core–shell nanoplatform (CCB@TET) was developed by surface-decorating tetrandrine-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles with 3-carboxyphenylboronic acid-modified chitosan. The dual-functional shell enables prolonged precorneal retention via sialic acid-binding and enhanced transcorneal permeation through reversible tight junction modulation. In a rabbit Trans-PRK haze model, topical CCB@TET outperformed clinical fluorometholone in haze suppression while completely avoiding steroid-induced intraocular pressure elevation. Mechanistically, CCB@TET targets integrin β6 to block TGF-β1/Smad signaling, suppressing myofibroblast activation and restoring stromal transparency with normalized collagen arrangement. Download: Download high-res image (181KB) Download: Download full-size image
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
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2026
·
IF 8.7
An Gao,Fengyu Wang,Xiaonan Cui,Jin Wu,Chunyang Sun,Zhaoxiang Ye
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death driven by lipid peroxidation, has emerged as a promising strategy for combination with chemotherapy in cancer treatment. However, the rational design of delivery systems capable of simultaneously inducing ferroptosis, enhancing chemotherapy efficacy, and reducing systemic toxicity remains a substantial challenge. Herein, we developed a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive, ionically crosslinked chitosan/hyaluronan polyelectrolyte nanogel for targeted chemo-ferroptosis combination therapy. In this system, hyaluronic acid (HA) was first esterified with 1,2-bis (2-hydroxyethylthio) ethylene (BE) and subsequently conjugated with methotrexate (MTX) through a ROS-cleavable linkage, yielding an anionic HA- BE -MTX polymeric prodrug. Protonated chitosan (CS) served as the cationic polymeric component, while sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) further stabilized the nanogel network through ionic crosslinking. Sorafenib (SOR), a ferroptosis inducer, was physically encapsulated during the ionotropic gelation process. The resulting R-NG MS nanogels were designed to maintain colloidal stability under physiological conditions and to undergo ROS-triggered network loosening and drug release in the tumor microenvironment, where oxidative stress is elevated. This dual-delivery system enabled ROS-responsive MTX release and SOR-mediated ferroptosis induction, thereby promoting ROS accumulation, glutathione depletion, GPX4 suppression, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that R-NG MS efficiently accumulated in 4T1 tumors through prolonged circulation and HA-CD44-mediated tumor targeting, achieving a tumor growth inhibition rate of 75.85% with reduced systemic toxicity compared with free drug treatment. These findings demonstrate that ionically crosslinked CS/HA-based polyelectrolyte nanogels provide an effective and selective platform for ROS-responsive chemo-ferroptosis combination therapy.
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