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Materials Today Chemistry · 2026 · IF 7.4

Construction of metal-organic framework materials with dual enzyme-like activities and I-type and II-type double characteristic ROS and antibacterial application of their hydrogels

Yuewu Zhao,Yu Bai,Junkai Lang,Xiangling Gu,Jine Wang

The Fe-TCPP/MnOx MOF material with peroxidase (POD)-like and oxidase (OXD)-like activities was constructed, and it also has the ability to generate type I and type II dual-characteristic reactive oxygen species (ROS) under ultrasonic excitation. • The Fe-TCPP/MnOx exhibited dual enzyme-like activity, with the POD catalytic pathway being dominant, and its catalytic behavior conformed to the Michaelis-Menten kinetic model. • Under ultrasonic stimulation, this material significantly promoted the generation of ROS, capable of producing type I superoxide anion (O2. •- ) radicals and type II singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ). • By introducing Fe-TCPP/MnOx MOF into the polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan (PVA-CS) matrix, a hydrogel with excellent adhesion, self-repairing properties, and outstanding mechanical properties can be obtained. • Based on the antibacterial and moisturizing properties of PVA-CS-Fe-TCPP/MnOx hydrogel, it displayed good preservation ability for fruits such as blueberries and strawberries, reduced spoilage and weight loss, and effectively extended the storage time. Metal-organic frameworks (MOF) have exhibited broad application prospects in food preservation, antibacterial packaging, biomedical materials and other fields in recent years due to their high specific surface area, tunable pore structure and abundant active sites. In this study, a Fe-TCPP/MnOx MOF material with peroxidase (POD)-like and oxidase (OXD)-like activities was constructed, and it also has the ability to generate type I and type II dual-characteristic reactive oxygen species (ROS) under ultrasonic excitation. The TMB colorimetric experiment indicated that Fe-TCPP/MnOx exhibited dual enzyme-like activity, with the POD catalytic pathway being dominant, and its catalytic behavior conformed to the Michaelis-Menten kinetic model. Under ultrasonic stimulation, this material significantly promoted the generation of ROS, capable of producing type I superoxide anion (O 2 •- ) radicals and type II singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ). By introducing Fe-TCPP/MnOx MOF into the polyvinyl alcohol-chitosan (PVA-CS) matrix, a hydrogel with excellent adhesion, self-repairing properties, and outstanding mechanical properties can be obtained. This hydrogel also exhibited strong antibacterial properties, capable of effectively inhibiting the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus . Based on the antibacterial and moisturizing properties of PVA-CS-Fe-TCPP/MnOx hydrogel, it displayed good preservation ability for fruits such as blueberries and strawberries, reduced spoilage and weight loss, and effectively extended the storage time. In summary, this study designed a multifunctional and performance-characterized MOF material, which not only has dual enzyme activities and dual-type ROS production capabilities, but also can be effectively embedded in other composite structures to generate various applications such as enzyme catalysis, antibacterial and preservation.

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JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART A · 2023 · IF 4.9

The dependences of mesenchymal stem cells commitments on the size, concentration, internalization and exposure time of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles through F-actin, Lamin A and ROS

Yuying Bai,Dawei Tian,Zhengxin Ren,Dangyang Yue,Qian Ren,Li Pei,Jun Pan

Though magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) are approved for clinical use as contrast agents for MR imaging in United States and Europe, and are widely used to label cells in research, the relationship between IONPs and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is not fully addressed. Here the effects of consistently appeared γ-Fe 2 O 3 on the lineage commitment of MSCs were studied to optimize applications of IONPs in MSCs upon verification of viability. 30 nm 10 μg/mL induced highest promotions on osteogenesis, while 30 and 50 nm of 100 μg/mL elicited most chondrogensis in 14 days, where the effects on ALP, GAG and SOX9 appeared after 7 days, while on RUNX2 came out after 10 days. γ-Fe 2 O 3 enhanced intracellular and extracellular Fe 3+ and ROS, modulated F-actin and decreased Lamin A of MSCs at different time scale. The disturbances of F-actin, Lamin A or ROS altered the effects of γ-Fe 2 O 3 on MSC differentiation. Our results demonstrate that different size, concentration and modulation of γ-Fe 2 O 3 are needed in its MSC applications for bone and cartilage tissues. Furthermore, an undocumented phenomenon that the modulation of F-actin affected the Lamin A expression in MSCs was observed.

CAS / MDL: 14930-96-2 540-72-7
✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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Journal of Materials Chemistry B · 2024 · IF 6.1

A whole-course-repair system based on ROS/glucose stimuli-responsive EGCG release and tunable mechanical property for efficient treatment of chronic periodontitis in diabetic rats

Qingchen Feng,Mei Zhang,Guanning Zhang,Hongxiang Mei,Chongying Su,Lisa Liu,Xiaoxia Wang,Ziqianhong Wan,Zhengyi Xu,Liangkui Hu,Yu Nie,Juan Li

Elevated glucose levels, multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines and the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) are pivotal characteristics within the microenvironments of chronic periodontitis with diabetes mellitus (CPDM). Control of inflammation and modulation of immune system are required in the initial phase of CPDM treatment, while late severe periodontitis requires a suitable scaffold to promote osteogenesis, rebuild periodontal tissue and reduce alveolar bone resorption. Herein, a whole-course-repair system is introduced by an injectable hydrogel using phenylboronic acid functionalized oxidized sodium alginate (OSA–PBA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was loaded to simultaneously adjust the mechanical property of the OSA–PBA/CMC + EGCG hydrogel (OPCE). This hydrogel has distinctive adaptability, injectability, and ROS/glucose-triggered release of EGCG, making it an ideal drug delivery carrier. As expected, OPCE hydrogel shows favourable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, along with a regulatory influence on the phenotypic transition of macrophages, providing a favourable immune microenvironment. Apart from that, it provides a favourable mechanical support for osteoblast/osteoclast differentiation regulation at the late proliferation stage of periodontal regeneration. The practical therapeutic effects of OPCE hydrogels were also confirmed when applied for treating periodontitis in diabetic rats. In summary, OPCE hydrogel may be a promising whole-course-repair system for the treatment of CPDM.

✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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Nature Communications · 2025 ·Vol. 16 ·期 1 ·1-19 · IF 15.7

A high-valence bismuth(V) nanoplatform triggers cancer cell death and anti-tumor immune responses with exogenous excitation-free endogenous H2O2- and O2-independent ROS generation

Tang Yizhang,Yu Xujiang,He Liangrui,Tang Meng,Yue Wenji,Chen Ruitong,Zhao Jie,Pan Qi,Li Wanwan

Reactive oxygen species with evoked immunotherapy holds tremendous promise for cancer treatment but has limitations due to its dependence on exogenous excitation and/or endogenous H 2 O 2 and O 2 . Here we report a versatile oxidizing pentavalent bismuth(V) nanoplatform (NaBi V O 3 -PEG) can generate reactive oxygen species in an excitation-free and H 2 O 2 - and O 2 -independent manner. Upon exposure to the tumor microenvironment, NaBi V O 3 -PEG undergoes continuous H + -accelerated hydrolysis with •OH and 1 O 2 generation through electron transfer-mediated Bi V -to-Bi III conversion and lattice oxygen transformation. The simultaneous release of sodium counterions after endocytosis triggers caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis. NaBi V O 3 -PEG intratumorally administered initiates robust therapeutic efficacies against both primary and distant tumors and activates systemic immune responses to combat tumor metastasis. NaBi V O 3 -PEG intravenously administered can efficiently accumulate at the tumor site for further real-time computed tomography monitoring, immunotherapy, or alternative synergistic immune-radiotherapy. Overall, this work offers a nanomedicine based on high-valence bismuth(V) nanoplatform and underscores its great potential for cancer immunotherapy.

✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY · 2017 · IF 2.956

Bergapten prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells through suppressing JAK/STAT activation and ROS production and increases the survival rate of mice after LPS challenge

Yi Zhou,Jing Wang,Weidong Yang,Xiaowen Qi,Lei Lan,Lan Luo,Zhimin Yin

Bergapten (BG) is a cumarine-derivate compound in many medicinal plants . Here, in vitro and in vivo experimental results indicated that BG possesses anti-inflammatory properties, Based on this, we further investigated the precise molecular mechanisms of BG in LPS-stimulated inflammation response . Studies revealed that BG inhibited LPS-stimulated productions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2 and NO as well as the expression of iNOS and COX-2, and at the same time, it increased LPS-induced release of IL-10 in a dose-dependent manner in RAW264.7 cells. Mechanistically, BG suppressed the activations of JAK/STAT, but not that of MAPKs and NF-κB. In addition, BG, as an antioxidant, prevented the accumulation of ROS , which further exerted its anti-inflammatory function. In vivo researches revealed that BG decreased LPS-induced mortality in mice. In conclusions, BG may be a potential candidate for inflammation therapy via inhibiting JAK/STAT activation and ROS production in RAW264.7 cells.

CAS / MDL: 616-91-1 97232-16-1
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JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS · 2025 · IF 11.3

Enhanced methanogenesis and efficient ciprofloxacin degradation via nZVI@LDH in an electricity-driven anaerobic bioreactor: A biotic-abiotic hybrid system for ROS regulation and ARGs mitigation

Jinfeng Chen,Yi Tang,Xinyan Chen,Junlan Chen,Zhang Yan,Xiao Yao,Hongyu Zhang,Yanyan Pei,Zhuwu Jiang

The escalating presence of antibiotic contaminants in wastewater presents substantial environmental and public health challenges, primarily due to their role in the proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This study examines the effectiveness of a hybrid system integrating nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) and layered double hydroxides (LDH) in treating wastewater contaminated with ciprofloxacin (CIP). Reactor experiments revealed that incorporating nZVI@LDH mitigated the shock caused by CIP while sustaining a methane production rate that was 116 % higher than that of the control group. Furthermore, there was a 50 % increase in CIP removal efficiency. Notably, there was a significant enrichment of hydrogenotrophic methanogens, such as Methanobacterium and Methanolinea , in the nZVI@LDH-enhanced reactors. Additionally, the levels of reactive oxygen species decreased by 50 %, from 11,813 ± 1230 to 4525 ± 1030 counts/s, and the abundance of ARGs declined by 75–88 % compared to the control reactors. An external electric field further promoted electron transfer, boosting the relative abundance of electrochemically active bacteria, with Proteobacteria comprising up to 40 % of the microbial community in the 1 V + nZVI@LDH reactor. This hybrid system demonstrates significant efficacy in degrading CIP and decreasing ARGs generation, underscoring its potential as a sustainable strategy for managing antibiotic-laden wastewater.

CAS / MDL: 7439-89-6
✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES · 2025 · IF 8.5

Injectable sodium alginate/4-arm polyethylene glycol-lipoic acid double-network hydrogel loading Ca2+-tannic acid nanocomposite treats periodontitis via anti-bacteria, ROS scavenging and osteogenesis

Ming Ouyang,Xi Yu,Jiani Zhong,Yan Mao,Yunqian Cui,Huiqin Jiang,Xiaoying Lu,Weiyu Cao,Zeting Yuan,Jingbo Yin

The inflammatory environment of periodontitis with bacteria, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and limited regenerative capacity of alveolar bone makes reconstruction of periodontium become a huge challenge. The present strategies, such as local debridement and antibiotic injection, are difficult to solve above problems completely. Thus, to reverse the progression of the disease, Ca 2+ -tannic acid nanocomposites loaded into injectable sodium alginate/4-arm polyethylene glycol-lipoic acid hydrogel (CaTA@Gel) were fabricated, including Ca 2+ ‑sodium alginate (SA) ionic crosslinking and radical polymerization of lipoic acid-modified 4-arm polyethylene glycol (PEG-SS 4 ) under UV illumination. In our results, the double networks of hydrogel not only had good mechanical property, but also sustainedly released CaTA nanocomposites which could inhibit bacteria, scavenge ROS due to TA, and promote osteogenesis of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) via Ca 2+ . The antibacterial rates of CaTA (1 mg/mL) against E. coli and S. aureus were 97.3 ± 1.25 % and 96.7 ± 2.57 %, respectively. Meanwhile, ·OH and ·O 2− could be inhibited obviously by CaTA (100 μg/mL), whose inhibition rate were 59.6 ± 2.98 % and 62.4 ± 3.12 %, respectively. Finally, the up-regulation of osteogenetic genes and successful alveolar bone regeneration in rat models indicated this injectable nanocomposite hydrogel provided a promising strategy for the treatment of periodontitis.

✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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PHYTOMEDICINE · 2024 · IF 6.7

20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 Alleviates Diabetic Retinal Injury in T2DM Mice by Attenuating ROS-mediated ER Stress Through the Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 Axis

Wen-lin Li,Ke Li,Wen-guang Chang,Hui Shi,Wen-xuan Zhang,Zi Wang,Wei Li

Background Although our previous work confirmed 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg3 (R-Rg3), which is an active ingredient in the Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer, to have good anti-diabetic activity, its beneficial effect on diabetic retinal injury was found to be limited. Purpose This study aims to investigate the protective effects of R-Rg3 on diabetes-induced retinal injury and the associated molecular mechanisms of action. Methods Diabetic retinal injury was induced in mice using a combination of a high-fat diet (HFD) and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). R-Rg3 (10 and 20 mg/kg) was subsequently administered for 6 weeks. The human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) were subjected to high glucose (HG)-induced injury for the in vitro analysis and treated with R-Rg3 (4, 8, 16 μM), antioxidant N-Acetylcysteine (NAC, 1 mM) and Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 (5 μM). The mice retinas then underwent functional and histopathological analysis. Expression levels of proteins related to the Nrf2/HO-1 axis, tight junction proteins, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the apoptosis in retinal tissue and HRECs were determined by western blot. Expressions of ZO-1 and Nrf2 in the retina and HRECs were assessed by immunofluorescence. Additional evaluations included measuring body weights, fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid levels and oxidative markers. Results The results showed 6 weeks of R-Rg3 treatment significantly restored the functional changes and redox system imbalance that was induced by HFD/STZ in mice. R-Rg3 was also found to significantly reduce retinal barrier damage and thickness changes resulting from hyperglycaemia exposure. At the same time, R-Rg3 also protected HRECs from HG-induced damage. R-Rg3 could also activate Nrf2/HO-1 axis and inhibit endoplasmic reticulum stress as a means of alleviating retinal endothelial cells apoptosis. The molecular docking results also demonstrated that R-Rg3 had a good binding ability with Nrf2. Conclusion Our study suggested Nrf2/HO-1 axis might be crucial for the ability of R-Rg3 to prevent diabetic retinal injury.

CAS / MDL: 50-99-7
✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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JOURNAL OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS · 2025 · IF 3

Mn-assisted ball milling enhances catalytic property of carbonized soil and reuse as PMS activator: quantification of ROS with probe-based kinetics model and mechanism insights

Xie Xin,Liu Wei,Wang Mingxin,Pan Xinxing,Xue Jinjuan,Yao Meng

Purpose This study provides a novel resource utilization strategy for the carbonized soil derived from lubricant-contaminated soil. Materials and methods In this study, the lubricant-contaminated soil was treated by pyrolysis and ball milling with manganese carbonate to obtain Mn-loaded carbonized soil (Mn@BCS), which was then reused to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation for degradation of aniline (AN) in wastewater. Results and discussion When the dosage of Mn@BCS and PMS was both 1 g/L, 100 mg/L of AN was almost completely removed within 6 h. Three reactive oxygen species (ROS), including \({\text{SO}}_{4}^{\bullet -}\) , •OH and \({}^{1}{\text{O}}_{2}\) , were detected and verified. The probe-based kinetics models were established with atrazine, nitrobenzene and metronidazole as probes to quantify the generation of ROS. The exposure of the \({\text{SO}}_{4}^{\bullet -}\) , \(\bullet \text{OH}\) and \({}^{1}{\text{O}}_{2}\) at 6 h was 5.32 × 10 –11 , 5.40 × 10 –12 , 2.52 × 10 –10 M s, which contributed 33.62%, 2.02% and 2.98% to AN degradation, respectively. The main active sites include Mn–O, oxygen containing groups and graphitized carbon. The Mn–O and oxygen containing groups can activate PMS to produce \({\text{SO}}_{4}^{\bullet -}\) and \({}^{1}{\text{O}}_{2}\) , respectively. The graphitized carbon promotes AN degradation by generation of \({\text{SO}}_{4}^{\bullet -}\) and accelerating direct electron transfer. Conclusions Ball milling with manganese carbonate significantly improves the activation performance of carbonized soil for PMS oxidation, and thus promote the resource utilization of post-remediation soil.

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Theranostics · 2016 · IF 8.854

ROS-Responsive Mitochondria-Targeting Blended Nanoparticles: Chemo- and Photodynamic Synergistic Therapy for Lung Cancer with On-Demand Drug Release upon Irradiation with a Single Light Source

Caixia Yue,Yuming Yang,Chunlei Zhang,Gabriel Alfranca,Shangli Cheng,Lijun Ma,Yanlei Liu,Xiao Zhi,Jian Ni,Weihua Jiang,Jie Song,Jesús M. de la Fuente,Daxiang Cui

Mitochondria in cancer cells maintain a more negative membrane potential than normal cells. Mitochondria are the primary source of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are necessary for photodynamic therapy. Thus, the strategy of targeting mitochondria can maximize the photodynamic therapeutic efficiency for cancer. Here we report, for the first time, synthesis of a new mitochondria-targeting drug delivery system, ZnPc/CPT-TPPNPs. To synthesize this novel compound, polyethylene glycol was functionalized with thioketal linker-modified camptothecin (TL-CPT) and triphenylphosphonium to form the block copolymer, TL-CPT-PEG 1K -TPP. The ZnPc/CPT-TPPNPs was constructed for delivery of the photosensitizer Zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc) by blending the block copolymer TL-CPT-PEG 1K -TPP with 1, 2-distearoyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy (polyethylene glycol)] (DSPE-PEG).Triphenylphosphine can accumulate selectively several hundred-fold within mitochondria. The thioketal linker is ROS-responsive and CPT can be released upon ROS cleavage. We also show that the ZnPc loaded in ZnPc/CPT-TPPNPs absorbed the 633 nm laser to produce ROS, which could be utilized both in photodynamic therapy and to cleave the thioketal linker thereby releasing camptothecin for chemotherapy. Thus, the mitochondria-targeting nanoparticles could elevate photodynamic therapeutic efficacy. Our results showed that surface modification of the nanoparticles with triphenylphosphine cations facilitated efficient subcellular delivery of the photosensitizer to mitochondria. The nanoparticles had a good ROS-responsive effect to release CPT, which could transfer to the nucleus and interfere with DNA replication as a topoisomeraseⅠinhibitor. Thus, the blended nanoparticles provide a new promising approach as a mitochondria-targeting ROS-activated chemo- and photodynamic therapy with a single light source for lung cancer.

✓ 已验证 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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JOURNAL OF DRUG DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY · 2025 · IF 4.9

ROS-Responsive Hydrogel Loaded with Sodium Tanshinone IIA Sulfonate and Salvianolic Acid B: Preparation, Characterization, Its Biological Effects on Scar Fibroblasts and Anti-Scar Efficacy Study

Jinghang Xu,Zebin Zhuang,Jiahui Yu,Yingping Li,Lulu Cheng,Ruixiang Peng,Jun Shi

In order to construct a reactive oxygen species (ROS) hydrogel loaded with Sodium Tanshinone IIA Sulfonate (STS) and Salvianolic Acid B (SAB) and to study its biological effects on scar fibroblasts and anti-scar efficacy, a ROS-responsive hydrogel (HA-PBA-PVA@STS/SAB) was prepared by combining hyaluronic acid (HA), phenylboronic acid (PBA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The ROS-responsive drug release behavior of the hydrogels was examined, and cell proliferation activity was determined using the CCK-8 method. Cell migration capability was analyzed through scratch assays and Transwell invasion assays, while flow cytometry was employed to quantify apoptosis rates. The intracellular ROS levels were measured. Gene expressions of NOX4, COL-I, COL-III, and p38 were detected via qRT-PCR, with Western blot analysis confirming the expression levels of NOX4 and p38 proteins. Finally, the in vivo anti-scar efficacy of the hydrogel was evaluated. The results showed that HA-PBA-PVA@STS/SAB hydrogels exhibited responsive drug release characteristics to ROS. Compared with the model group, the ROS content in scar fibroblasts was significantly reduced ( p <0.001), the cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability were significantly decreased, and the apoptosis rate was significantly increased ( p <0.001). In addition, the expression levels of NOX4 and p38 proteins in cells were also significantly reduced ( p <0.05). The in vivo pharmacodynamic study demonstrated that, compared to the model group, the HA-PBA-PVA@STS/SAB hydrogel significantly reduced scar thickness, decreased the number of fibroblasts and collagen fibers, and downregulated the expression levels of COL-I and α-SMA proteins ( p <0.05). These findings demonstrate that the HA-PBA-PVA@STS/SAB hydrogel possesses remarkable ROS-responsive drug release capability, anti-scar efficacy, and promising potential for scar treatment.

CAS / MDL: 13590-82-4
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PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY · 2024 · IF 4.2

Investigating the role of the ROS/CncC-xenobiotics signaling pathway in the response to Fenpropathrin in Cyprinus carpio lymphocytes: Involving lipid peroxidation and Fe2+ metabolism imbalance

Lei Diao,Jing Gao,Yuxun Zhou,Liping Wang,Xiaowei Yang,Peng Li,Jingying Zhai,Yang Ma,Huijie Chen

Fenpropathrin (FPT) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, the persistence and accumulation in water of which could cause harmful effects on vulnerable groups like aquatic creatures, particularly posing significant risks to fish immune systems. This study aimed to investigate how environmentally relevant FPT concentrations (10–1000 μ/M) affect lipid peroxidation and Fe 2+ metabolism in Cyprinus carpio head kidney lymphocytes, and its relationship with oxidative stress and immunotoxicity. Firstly, CCK-8 results demonstrated that FPT caused a significant increase in lymphocyte death. Secondly, lymphocytes exposed to FPT could lead ferroptosis in lymphocytes, accompanied by evidence of the Fe 2+ transporter imbalance, lipid peroxidation, Fe 2+ accumulation and ferroptosis related protein increment. Thirdly, we found that FPT esposure leads to a decrease in ATP, mitochondrial DNA and NADPH/NADP + levels, and the mRNA associated with mitochondrial function-related genes (Fis1, Drp1, and OPA1) in lymphocytes. Additionally, FPT induced the increased the levels of inflammatory genes (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6) in head kidney lymphocytes. Importantly, exposure to FPT induced oxidative stress to produce intracellular ROS, disrupting the function of the CncC signaling pathway and expression disorder of xenobiotics detoxification (CYP 450 family) genes. Notably, Treatment with NAC (a ROS inhibitor, 5 μM) demonstrated that inhibiting ROS alleviated FPT-induced lymphocyte ferroptosis and inflammatory response via the ROS/CncC-xenobiotics signaling pathway. These findings not only introduces a novel approach to investigating the immunotoxicity of FPT but also offers critical insights into mitigating the adverse effects of FPT on aquatic animal health.

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