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CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS · 2025 · IF 12.5

A host/guest assembled hyaluronic acid-based supramolecular hydrogel with NIR-steered degradation capacity for enhanced tumor therapy through programmable drug release

Zejun Xu,Li Liu,Junkun Duan,Bei Guo,Jiayi Liu,Dongyan Liu,Fei Qin,Ruizhi Guo,Yingxia Bao,Jiansong Wang,Chuanbin Wu,Yi Zhang

Recently, a variety of stimulus-responsive hydrogel platforms have been developed, specifically designed to respond to changes in physiological signals within the disease microenvironment. However, due to the restricted regulation of drug release behavior in vivo by such hydrogel systems, the precise control of drug release kinetics has not been achieved. Therefore, developing precise drug delivery platforms that enable programmable and “on-off” delivery remains a challenge in this field. This study involved a supramolecular hydrogel platform (HACF) constructed with β -cyclodextrin-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-CD) and ferropentaene-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-Fc) for precise drug delivery and chemo-photothermal therapy by leveraging host-guest interactions between CD and Fc. The phthalocyanine green (ICG) and doxorubicin (DOX) were incorporated into the hydrogel network as photosensitizer and anticancer model drugs. Results demonstrated that ICG facilitated controlled disintegration of the hydrogel and led to responsive release of DOX in vitro under near-infrared (NIR) light stimulation. Furthermore, in vivo findings confirmed that NIR-steered programmed drug release from the hydrogel effectively enhanced anti-tumor efficacy and prevented tumor recurrence. In conclusion, this innovative NIR-driven supramolecular hydrogel platform not only presented a novel approach for remote and precise drug release but also provides a new platform for locally intelligent treatment across various clinical conditions.

CAS / MDL: 25316-40-9 7585-39-9
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Bioactive Materials · 2025 · IF 20.3

NIR-II-Activated iridium single-atom nanozymes for synergistic antibacterial therapy and tissue regeneration in MRSA-infected wounds and acute lung injury

Danyan Wang,Hui Jin,Yetao Shen,Dandan Wang,Jingjing He,Jinmiao Qu,Xiaojun He,Zhengli Jiang

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) remains a major pathogen in ventilator-associated pneumonia and wound infections. To address the limitations of traditional antibiotics, we developed a novel iridium-based single-atom catalyst (Ir/CN SAC) anchored on a nitrogen-doped carbon matrix. Engineered for ultra-low metal loading and maximal active site exposure, this catalyst integrates robust photothermal and catalytic functionalities. Under second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1270 nm) irradiation, the Ir/CN SAC efficiently converts light to heat and catalytically generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), achieving a potent photothermal-catalytic synergistic effect. This dual-action mechanism enabled rapid bacterial eradication in vitro and significantly accelerated wound healing and lung tissue repair in MRSA-infected in vivo models. Transcriptomic analyses revealed downregulation of pro-inflammatory pathways, shedding light on the immunomodulatory roles of the treatment. Notably, the Ir/CN SAC exhibited negligible toxicity and enhanced peroxidase-mimicking activity via thermal activation. Collectively, the Ir/CN SAC presents a promising strategy for treating MRSA infections in wounds and the lungs via a synergistic treatment model.

CAS / MDL: 54827-17-7
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BIOMATERIALS · 2020 · IF 10.317

Light-activated oxygen self-supplied starving therapy in near-infrared (NIR) window and adjuvant hyperthermia-induced tumor ablation with an augmented sensitivity

Junjie Ren,Lei Zhang,Jiayi Zhang,Wei Zhang,Yang Cao,Zhigang Xu,Hongjuan Cui,Yuejun Kang,Peng Xue

Glucose oxidase (GOx)-mediated starvation circumvents the energy supply for tumor growth, which has been proved as a potent tumor treatment modality. However, tumor hypoxia negatively affects the efficacy of oxygen-involved glucose decomposition reaction . Moreover, curative effect via glucose depletion is not usually satisfactory enough and adjuvant remedies are always required for a promoted tumor ablation. Herein, a multifunctional nanoreactor based on hollow Bi 2 Se 3 nanoparticles was developed by loading oxygenated perfluorocarbon (PFC) and surface modification with GOx, which was exploited for an enhanced tumor starvation and highly sensitive photothermal therapy (PTT). GOx-mediated tumor starvation could impede the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation and further downregulate the expression of heat shock protein (HSP) to decrease the thermoresistance of cells. Afterwards, near infrared (NIR) laser irradiation was performed not only to trigger sensitized PTT but also to initiate the release of encapsulated oxygen to relieve local hypoxia. Then, such GOx-mediated tumor starvation would be further amplified, accompanying with secondary enhanced suppression of HSP. Both in vitro and in vivo investigations demonstrated that such nanoreactor can realize a fascinating therapeutic outcome with minimal adverse effects in virtue of the improved synergistic starvation therapy and PTT. Taken together, the proposed treatment paradigm may inspire the future development of more intelligent nanoplatforms toward high efficient cancer therapy.

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Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers · 2025 · IF 6.4

Simultaneous emission and thermal stability enhancement of long-wavelength NIR luminescence of Cr3+ ions in spinel phosphors via pivot-polyhedron linkage engineering

Taizhong Xiao,Wen Song,Chongbing Mou,Jinke Wang,Liang Xu,Yongjin Li,Rui Hu,Zhaoyi Yin,Zhengwen Yang,Jianbei Qiu,Zhiguo Song

Crystal field engineering is currently the most significant method for enhancing the near-infrared (NIR) emission intensity and thermal stability of Cr3+ ions. However, this approach is inevitably accompanied by a pronounced blue shift in NIR emission, presenting a considerable challenge for spinel phosphors to achieve efficient and stable long-wavelength NIR emission of Cr3+ ions due to the inherent limitations imposed by a strong crystal field. In this study, we propose a novel pivot-polyhedron linkage engineering strategy based on the LiZnNbO4 (LZNO) spinel crystal to tackle this issue. Supported by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) refinement data, density functional theory (DFT) simulation results and Debye temperature analysis results, our findings reveal that the substitution of [ZnO4] by [MgO4] generates a unique pivot–polyhedron linkage effect. This occurs because the [ZnO4] tetrahedra share angles but not edges with all other polyhedra. Consequently, the simple incorporation of Mg2+ ions leads to a significant increase in NIR emission intensity and thermal stability by enhancing structural rigidity and bandgaps. Simultaneously, this modification allows the weak crystal field of [NbO6] octahedra to be maintained adequately through anomalous lattice expansion and reduced symmetry, which effectively preserves the long-wavelength emission characteristics of Cr3+ ions. The results of our research will establish a distinct structural principle for Cr3+-activated NIR phosphors, facilitating the achievement of exceptional long-wavelength emission and thermal stability.

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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · 2019 · IF 8.456

Ce6-Modified Carbon Dots for Multimodal-Imaging-Guided and Single-NIR-Laser-Triggered Photothermal/Photodynamic Synergistic Cancer Therapy by Reduced Irradiation Power

Shan Sun,Jingqin Chen,Kai Jiang,Zhongdi Tang,Yuhui Wang,Zhongjun Li,Chengbo Liu,Aiguo Wu,Hengwei Lin

Photomediated cancer therapy, mainly including photothermal (PT) therapy (PTT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT), has attracted tremendous attention in recent years thanks to its noninvasive and stimuli-responsive features. The single mode of PTT or PDT, however, has obvious drawbacks, either requiring high-power laser irradiation to generate enough heat or only providing limited efficacy due to the hypoxia nature inside tumors. In addition, the reported synergistic PTT/PDT generally utilized two excitation sources to separately activate PTT and PDT, and the problem of high-power laser irradiation for PTT was still not well solved. Herein, a new concept, loading a small amount of photosensitizers onto a PTT agent (both of them can be triggered by a single-near-infrared (NIR) laser), was proposed to evade the shortcomings of PTT and PDT. To validate this idea, minute quantities of photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) (0.56% of mass) were anchored onto amino-rich red emissive carbon dots (RCDs) that possess superior photothermal (PT) character under 671 nm NIR laser (PT conversion efficiency to be 46%), and meanwhile the PDT of Ce6 can be activated by this laser irradiation as well. The findings demonstrate that Ce6-modified RCDs (named Ce6-RCDs) offer much higher cancer therapy efficacy under a reduced laser power density (i.e., 0.50 W cm–2 at 671 nm) in vitro and in vivo than the equivalent RCDs or Ce6 under the same irradiation conditions. Besides, the Ce6-RCDs also exhibit multimodal imaging capabilities (i.e., fluorescence (FL), photoacoustic (PA), and PT), which can be employed for guidance of the phototherapy process. This study suggests not only a strategy to enhance cancer phototherapy efficacy but also a promising candidate (i.e., Ce6-RCDs) for multimodal FL/PA/PT imaging-guided and single-NIR-laser-triggered synergistic PTT/PDT for cancers by a reduced irradiation power.

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COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING · 2021 · IF 9.078

3D/2D TMSs/TiO2 nanofibers heterojunctions for photodynamic-photothermal and oxidase-like synergistic antibacterial therapy co-driven by VIS and NIR biowindows

Mengna Dong,Xinyu Sun,Tong Bu,Hui Zhang,Jiao Wang,Kunyi He,Lihua Li,Zhenyu Li,Li Wang

With the increasingly serious problem of antimicrobial resistance and the lack of clinical response strategies, the development of new antibacterial materials is imminent. Herein, a VIS/NIR co-irradiation photodynamic-photothermal and oxidase-like synergistic antibacterial platform of transition metal sulfide/TiO 2 nanofibers (TMSs/TiO 2 NFs) is proposed to fight bacterial infection. On one hand, three-dimensional (3D) MoS 2 nanoflowers load can quickly capture the photogenerated electrons of two-dimensional (2D) TiO 2 nanofibers, inhibit the recombination of electron-hole pairs and greatly increase the yield of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby overcoming the UV sterilization defects of pure TiO 2 , endowing TiO 2 excellent photodynamic antibacterial ability in the long-wavelength region. On other hand, with the combination of MoS 2 and TiO 2 , the photothermal effect of the 3D/2D heterostructure (MoS 2 /TiO 2 NFs) was significantly enhanced and the local temperature rose to above 50 °C in a short time, which was enough to induce the inactivation of bacterial protein, thereby providing an efficient secondary sterilization effect. In addition, MoS 2 /TiO 2 NFs has fascinating oxidase-like activity, which further accelerated the oxidation of physiologically relevant antioxidants in bacteria. In the end, MoS 2 /TiO 2 NFs exerted outstanding antibacterial efficiencies against Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) through the synergy of photodynamic-photothermal and oxidase-like performance. Meanwhile, MoS 2 /TiO 2 NFs antibacterial platform effectively accelerated the healing of S. aureus -infected wounds and showed negligible toxicity and hemolysis on normal cells and tissues. Hence, this study contributed an effective alternative strategy for reducing the use of antibiotics, providing new ideas for application of semiconductor nanomaterials in collaborative combination therapy.

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JOURNAL OF ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY · 2021 · IF 4.464

Electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for cancer antigen 125 detection based on novel resonance energy transfer between graphitic carbon nitride and NIR CdTe/CdS QDs

Hongmin Gao,Ze Zhang,Yingcong Zhang,Hongwei Yu,Shengzhong Rong,Lingqiang Meng,Shizhen Song,Yong Mei,Hongzhi Pan,Dong Chang

Resonance energy transfer (RET), as an efficient strategy, has been widely used for exploring a variety of biological processes and achieving sensitive bioanalysis. In this work, fluorescence and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) RET between graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) and NIR CdTe/CdS QDs was reported firstly. Based on this novel RET system, a sensitive sandwich-type ECL immunosensor was constructed to detect cancer antigen 125 (CA125). In this strategy, the ECL of Au NPs-functionalized graphitic carbon nitride nanohybrids (Au-g-C 3 N 4 NHs) was efficiently quenched by near-infrared CdTe/CdS quantum dots (NIR CdTe/CdS QDs), where NIR CdTe/CdS QDs acts as acceptors, and Au-g-C 3 N 4 NHs acts as donors. Au NPs improved the intensity and stability of ECL and provided sites to immobilize the antibody. Silica nanospheres carried abundant NIR CdTe/CdS QDs (QDs-SiO 2 ) labeling secondary antibodies, further enhancing the quenching effect. Under the optimum conditions, the constructed immunosensor showed excellent analytical performance with a linear concentration of CA125 from 0.0001 U mL −1 to 10 U mL −1 and the limit of detection reached 0.034 mU mL −1 (S/N = 3). Meanwhile, the immunosensor also revealed great stability, reproducibility, and selectivity and it could be applied in human serum samples successfully. This strategy provided a useful analytical method for the sensitive detection of biomarkers in the early stages of the disease and an innovative reference for developing more efficient and sensitive RET bioanalysis.

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CERAMICS INTERNATIONAL · 2026 · IF 6

Structure-modulation-enhanced multi-emission luminescence in Sb3+/Er3+ co-doped double perovskites for single-component white/NIR LEDs and dual-mode thermometry

Wei Xu,Futao Li,Ruichen Xu,Xiaochen Fang,Xiaohui Ruan,Shuru Zhong,Jun Wang,Hai Huang,Cheng Zhang,Biao Zheng

Lead-free double perovskites (DPs) are emerging as sustainable luminescent materials owing to their low-cost synthesis, low toxicity, and superior stability. However, their practical applications are impeded by low luminescence efficiency and a single emission center. To overcome these challenges, we reported a structure-modulation strategy to develop Sb/Er: Cs 2 Na 0 . 95 Ag 0 . 05 YbCl 6 (Sb/Er: CNAYC) DPs by co-doping Cs 2 NaYbCl 6 with Sb 3+ /Er 3+ ions and substituting Na + with Ag  +  ions. The Sb 3+ /Er 3+ co-doping can introduce multiple emission centers from visible to near-infrared (NIR). Meanwhile, the Na + -Ag + alloying-induced lattice distortion not only enhances the photoluminescence efficiency by breaking the parity-forbidden transitions, but also enables the color of emission to be tuned to the white light range. The Sb/Er: CNAYC DPs simultaneously deliver efficient blue (460 nm@Sb 3+ ), green/red (552/667 nm@ Er 3+ ) and NIR (980/1540 nm@Yb 3+ /Er 3+ ) emissions, providing a promising luminescent material for single-component white/NIR LEDs. Furthermore, the Sb/Er: CNAYC DPs also display pronounced temperature-sensitive fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) and lifetime characteristics, enabling them well-suited for dual-mode temperature sensing. This study is expected to establish a universal lattice-modulation strategy that yields single-component luminescent materials exhibiting both high-efficiency white/NIR emission and accurate multimode thermometry for next-generation optoelectronic applications.

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Small · 2026 · IF 11.8

Modulating the Optical and Enzymatic Properties of Polydopamine via Valence Engineering of Tungsten Affording NIR-II Photoacoustic Imaging and Targeted Therapy of Atherosclerosis

Yanni Luo,Lixian Huang,Jingjin Zhao,Yuzhen Ma,Xuecai Tan,Fanggui Ye,Shulin Zhao,Shengqiang Hu,Liangliang Zhang

Atherosclerosis (AS) is a risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and early diagnosis and plaque removal are challenges in the management of AS and CVD. To address these challenges, we designed a tungsten‑doped polydopamine nanoparticle (W-PDA NPs). The near-infrared (NIR) optical absorption and enzymatic properties of W-PDA were tuned by adjusting the ratio of W 6+ to PDA. It was found that the W-PDA NPs contain a mixture of W 6+ and W 5+ , which generated large amounts of free electrons, thus conferring both second near-infrared (NIR-II) light absorption capability and superoxide dismutase (SOD)- and catalase (CAT)-like activities. Plaque-targeting was conferred by appending an anti-osteopontin antibody via coordination between carboxyl moieties of the antibody with W 6+ ions on the W-PDA surface. The NIR-II light absorption ability can be utilized for photoacoustic diagnosis of AS, while the SOD- and CAT-like activities facilitate the conversion of superoxide into H 2 O 2 and subsequently O 2 , thereby clearing reactive oxygen species and mitigating inflammation, enabling therapy of AS. Thus, the proposed theranostic agent not only can dynamically report the progression of AS but also can effectively treat AS plaques. This strategy holds broad application prospects in the early and accurate diagnosis and treatment of AS.

CAS / MDL: 13283-01-7 62-31-7
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JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL · 2026 · IF 1.7

Rapidly and Simultaneously Determining the Total Polysaccharides Content, Total Flavonoids Content, and Antioxidant Activity in Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua by NIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics

Fan Xuanxuan,Hu Xian,Wang Weiting,Chen Naifu,Chen Naidong,Hao Jingwen,Yan Le,Xiao Jun,Zhong Yu,Zhang Manman,Xie Zhengjun

BackgroundPolygonatum cyrtonema Hua (PCH) is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. The components and activity are important for simultaneous quality evaluation in PCH.ObjectiveThis study aimed to establish an accurate, rapid, and comprehensive quality evaluation method by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) for forecasting the total polysaccharides content (TPsC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and antioxidant activity (AA) in PCH.MethodsPCH samples were used to establish a model of TPsC, TFC, and AA in PCH by NIR combined with partial least-squares regression (PLS). To enhance the accuracy of the models and remove non-essential variables, we used multiple spectral preprocessing methods and multiple chemometrics to analyze the processed full spectrum, such as competitive adaptive reweighted sampling partial least-squares regression (CARS-PLS), moving-window partial least-squares regression (MW-PLS), and interval random frog partial least squares regression (iRF-PLS). The remaining samples were used to complete external validation.ResultsSatisfactory prediction results of PLS models combined with chemometrics were obtained. The optimal chemometric of TPsC, TFC, and AA selected 157, 105, and 134 variables, respectively. For the TPsC, TFC, and AA models, which incorporated optimal spectral preprocessing and chemometrics, the root-mean-square error of calibration (RMSEC, %) values were 0.743, 0.069, and 0.136, while the R2 values were above 0.95. The root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP, %) for these models were 1.00, 0.074, and 0.153, while R2 values were above 0.90. The remaining 20 samples were used to complete external validation, which confirmed the preeminent comparability and ability of the proposed method.ConclusionNIR combined with chemometrics provides an effective, fast, and nondestructive approach for evaluating quality via multiple indicators of PCH and provides a meaningful reference for evaluation of herbal medicine quality.HighlightsNIR combined with chemometrics offers an effective, quick, nondestructive way to evaluate herbal medicine quality with multiple indicators.

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RARE METALS · 2026 ·Vol. 45 ·期 4 ·e70192 · IF 12.1

Developing HMME-Conjugated NIR-II Activated Carbon Dots Nanospray for the Treatment of MRSA Biofilm Infections in Diabetic Wound via PTT/CDT/SDT

Liang Zhou,Ning Wang,Zumeng Wang,Pingping Zhang,Yuqin Chu,Yingguang Liu,Wen Liu,Chengwu Zhang,Lili Yan

en This link goes to a English section zh This link goes to a Chinese section Diabetic wound infections are a common complication of diabetes, which severely impact patients' quality of life. Effective treatment of diabetic wound infections remains one major challenge in the clinic, partially due to the formation of bacterial biofilm and antibiotic resistance. It is imperative to develop non-antibiotic-dependent strategies to efficiently eradicate biofilm infections in diabetic wounds. In this work, an innovative nanospray (CDs-HM) was successfully prepared by linking one acoustic sensitizer (hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether, HMME) to CDs fabricated with hemin, nickel(II) chloride, and polymer ethylene imine. CDs-HM exhibited catalase-enhanced sonodynamic properties and photothermal-enhanced chemodynamic properties. In vitro experiments and transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that CDs-HM successfully killed the bacteria and destroyed bacterial biofilm by disrupting bacterial cell membrane integrity, inducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting ATP production through synergistic photothermal therapy/chemodynamic therapy/sonodynamic therapy (PTT/CDT/SDT) effects. In the diabetic wound infection mouse model, CDs-HM remarkably eradicated MRSA biofilm, reduced inflammation levels, and promoted angiogenesis/collagen deposition so as to accelerate wound healing. It is noteworthy that CDs-HM displayed superior bacteria killing and wound healing effects compared with conventional vancomycin and nanosilver dressing interventions. The practicality and efficiency of CDs-HM endowed it with broad clinical translation prospects. It paved the way for developing novel strategies for combating diabetic wound infections. 摘要 en This link goes to a English section zh This link goes to a Chinese section 糖尿病伤口感染是糖尿病的常见并发症,严重影响患者的生活质量。由于细菌生物膜的形成和抗生素耐药性问题,糖尿病伤口感染的有效治疗仍是临床面临的一大挑战。因此,亟待开发非抗生素依赖的新策略以高效清除糖尿病伤口的生物膜感染。本研究通过将声敏剂(血卟啉单甲醚,HMME)与由氯化血红素、氯化镍和聚乙烯亚胺制备的碳点相偶联,成功构建了一种新型纳米喷雾(CDs-HM)。CDs-HM表现出过氧化氢酶增强的声动力学性能与光热增强的化学动力学性能。体外实验及转录组学分析表明,通过协同的光热/化学动力学/声动力学治疗,CDs-HM可破坏细菌细胞膜的完整性、诱导氧化应激并抑制ATP的生成,从而有效杀灭细菌并破坏其生物膜。在糖尿病伤口感染小鼠模型中,CDs-HM能显著清除耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜、降低炎症水平并促进血管生成和胶原沉积,进而加速伤口愈合。值得注意的是,与临床上常用的万古霉素和纳米银敷料联合治疗措施相比,CDs-HM展现出更优异的杀菌及促伤口愈合效果。CDs-HM展示出较强的实用性,使其具备了广阔的临床转化前景,也为开发糖尿病伤口感染治疗的新型策略奠定了基础。

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MATERIALS & DESIGN · 2026 · IF 8.2

From copper Ion flood to lipoylation Collapse: An NIR-II-Responsive CD44-directed nanoplatform for Two-Pronged Strike on Triple-Negative breast cancer

Shaoyou Wang,Quan Zhou,Jiachen Hong,Xinrong Wang,Baocai Zhang,Huihui Wang,Yong Shi,Ayesha Younas,Shuanghu Wang,Shujiao Lu

A CD44-targeted, NIR-II-responsive nanoplatform (CuS@ZIF-8/HA NPs) was developed for TNBC therapy. • Acidic TME triggers ZIF-8 decomposition, releasing Cu 2+ for sustained mitochondrial copper overload. • Cu + drives lipoylated DLAT oligomerization, the core event of cuproptosis. • NIR-II photothermal therapy (55.6 °C) synergizes with cuproptosis for enhanced tumor ablation. • In vivo : pronounced tumor suppression without relapse or toxicity. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) lacks targetable receptors and rapidly expels cytotoxic copper via ATPase copper–transporting alpha/beta (ATP7A/B) pumps, rendering conventional cuproptosis inducers ineffective. We report an acid-activatable, CD44-directed nanoplatform (CuS@ZIF-8/HA NPs) that converts NIR-II irradiation into a synchronized mitochondrial “copper flood–heat shock” event. In the acidic tumor microenvironment, ZIF-8 decomposes and releases Cu 2+ , which is reduced to cytotoxic Cu + , triggering oligomerization of lipoylated dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (DLAT), the core driver of cuproptosis. Concomitant ferredoxin 1 (FDX1) protein degradation serves as a downstream biochemical marker of cuproptotic injury. The photothermal effect (55.6 °C at 1 W cm −2 ) simultaneously accelerates copper release, amplifies oxidative damage, and ablates cells by hyperthermia. In 4 T1 tumor mice model, eight i.v. doses (10 mg kg −1 ) plus NIR-II light achieved profound tumor suppression without relapse or systemic toxicity, outperforming either monotherapy. Thus, CuS@ZIF-8/HA NPs turns NIR-II light into a spatially confined cuproptotic-photothermal double hit, offering a safe, precise, and translatable strategy against therapy-refractory TNBC. Download: Download high-res image (174KB) Download: Download full-size image

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