Single-crystalline ordered macro–microporous CuBTC (SOM–CuBTC) is a promising carrier for lipase immobilization due to enhanced mass transfer and stability toward fatty acids. However, the low yield per mass of the template during the preparation process and the water instability of the SOM–CuBTC carrier have posed significant limitations on its practical applications. In this study, we addressed these challenges by introducing a novel dual-solvent system consisting of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethanol to obtain a stable precursor solution with a concentration approximately 10 times higher than that in previous literature, yielding 21.4 mg of SOM–CuBTC per gram of the polystyrene template. However, the decomposition of SOM–CuBTC in an aqueous system of lipase immobilization was observed. We explored chemical vapor deposition and sol–gel methods for hydrophobic modification on SOM–CuBTC. SOM–CuBTC coated by hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) via the sol–gel method possessed excellent chemical stability and exhibited great potential for lipase immobilization with a significant increase by 98.7% in the specific activity. The obtained immobilized lipase not only showed improved thermal stability and pH tolerance but also displayed excellent catalytic performance in the synthesis process of 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol (OPL) by acidolysis. This work reveals the great potential of SOM–CuBTC and provides new insights into the rational design of metal–organic frameworks for enzyme immobilization in extensive applications.
Endovascular embolization can selectively deploy embolic agents into diseased or injured blood vessels to complete the treatment. However, traditional embolic agents still face challenges, such as poor intravascular diffusivity, non-biodegradable, unstable mechanical properties, radiolucency, and recanalization. Herein, we report a poly (lipoic acid-tannic acid)/tromethamine/Galinstan (PLTTG) dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution-derived hydrogel liquid embolic agent. By injecting PLTTG DMSO solution into body fluids, a PLTTG hydrogel can be formed in situ owing to the solvent exchange induced intra- and inter-polymer hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. Moreover, the gelation time and injection forces of the solution as well as the mechanical properties and embolic pressure of the obtained hydrogels can be adjusted by changing the concentration of PLTTG. The PLTTG hydrogel can effectively embolize the renal artery and femoral vein without recanalization and displacement in rabbit models. Furthermore, the hydrogel can embolize the ruptured femoral artery to arrest active bleeding. Owing to the advantages of the hydrogel, including adjustable gelation time, mechanical properties, viscosities, injection forces, and embolic pressure, as well as good biocompatibility and biodegradability, radiopacity, excellent embolization performance and intravascular diffusivity, easy usage, low cost, allowing it to be a potential embolic agent to treat multiple vascular diseases in clinic.
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