CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2021
·
IF 13.273
Xi Zhao,Lin Chen,De-Fu Li,Teng Fu,Lu He,Xiu-Li Wang,Yu-Zhong Wang
To suppress the fire hazards caused by polymer materials and at the same time keep or improve the properties of polymer materials, the exploration of high-efficiency flame retardants with property enhancement function is quite urgent. Inspired by the high adhesion result from the hierarchical micro-nanostructures of peanut leaves, herein, a bionic peanut-leaf structure is constructed on the surface of widely used flame retardant , ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to improve the compatibility with polymers. To test the validity of this modification method, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with poor toughness and high fire risk is selected as a model polymer and blended with modified APP (MAPP). The high interfacial adhesion caused by the hierarchical micro-nanostructures of MAPP enhance the compatibility with PLA resulting in the toughness enhancement of materials. Owing to unique microstructure, 5 wt% addition of MAPP not only endow material with good flame retardancy but also enhance the elongation at break and notched Izod impact strength to 21 and 3 times of pure PLA. The biomimetic strategy outlined here can be extended to other flame retardant and may provide us a new method to balance the flame retardancy and mechanical properties.
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高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2023
·Vol. 140
·期 15
·e53675
·
IF 3
Liang Yi,Miaotian Long,Long Yan,Xinyu Tang,Jiahao Liao
Enhancing the fire safety of epoxy resin (EP) concomitant with less mechanical performance degradation is still a challenge for traditional flame retardants. Hence, polypyrrole (PPy) was used as a film material to fabricate microencapsulated urea ammonium polyphosphate (UAPP) for simultaneously improving the fire safety, thermal stability and compatibility of epoxy composites. The obtained polypyrrole-coated urea ammonium polyphosphate (PPy-UAPP) at a load of 10 wt% endows the EP with a UL94 V-0 rating and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 32.3%, while 10 wt% ammonium polyphosphate (APP) only endows EP with a LOI of 28.5%. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and peak smoke production rate (PSPR) of EP containing 10 wt% PPy-UAPP are decreased by 12.3% and 21.4% compared to EP containing 10 wt% APP. The decreased fire hazard of EP/PPy-UAPP is attributed to the reduction of hazardous gases including CO 2 and CO and the generation of more incombustible gases including H 2 O and NH 3 to reduce the combustion intensity. Meanwhile, the good compatibility between EP matrix and PPy-UAPP endows the resulting EP composites with a superior balance between fire safety and mechanical properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2023
·
IF 15.1
Peiwen Xue,Yajie Cheng,Yong Wang,Gaojie Han,Bing Zhou,Chengen He,Chuntai Liu,Yuezhan Feng
Three-dimensional (3D) boron nitride skeleton has a promising prospect in improving the thermal conductivity and flame retardancy of polymer composites, yet the problems of interface thermal resistance and combustion collapse in the skeleton caused by organic adhesives still need to be solved. In this work, macromolecular flame retardancy, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) with high polymerization degree, was firstly used to modify and assemble boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) into 3D thermally conductive skeleton, in which APP with rich amino groups can result in the strong grafting modification to reduce the interfacial thermal resistance in BNNS skeleton, meanwhile, the catalytic carbonization of APP can reinforce the 3D skeleton barrier without collapse during combustion. Typically, one-step wet ball-milling with assisted APP was used to exfoliate and modify BNNS, followed by unidirectional freezing to achieve 3D BNNS@APP skeleton with highly oriented structure. As expected, the constructing 3D skeleton with low interfacial thermal resistance can effectively form a heat transfer path in polymer matrix. The obtained epoxy-based composite showed a high thermal conductivity of 3.28 W/mK at 9.28 vol% BNNS@APP. Meanwhile, the producing 3D skeleton barrier during combustion induced the significant improvement in flame retardancy, with heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR) decreasing by 68.3% and 52.7%, respectively. This work provides a new adhesive choice in constructing 3D thermal conductive and flame retardant skeleton, which exhibits high potential in thermal management application.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
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高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2024
·
IF 7.7
Siming Zheng,Wei Li,Yuyan Chen,Hanrui Yang,Yibing Cai,Qingqing Wang,Qufu Wei
Flammability and poor toughness of unmodified PLA limit its applications in various fields. Though ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is a green and effective flame retardant, it has poor compatibility with the matrix, leading to a decrease in mechanical properties. Stereo-complexation greatly improves the strength and heat resistance of traditional PLA. However, the effect of flame retardants on the formation of stereo-complexed crystals and the impact of stereo-complexation on flame retardancy have not been studied previously. In this research, PDLA chains were first in-situ reacted with APP particles for improved interfacial compatibility. By utilizing the characteristic of PLA enantiomers that can form stereo-complexed crystals, near-complete stereo-complexed PLA fibers with flame retardancy were produced via clean and continuous melt spinning. The compatibility between PDLA-g-APP and PLLA matrix was studied by SEM, rheological analyses and DSC . Strength and flexibility of the fibers were simultaneously enhanced compared to traditional PLA due to the synergistic effect of interfacial compatibility and stereo-complexation. Compared to traditional PLA, the peak heat release rate and total heat release in microcalorimetry test were reduced by 33 % and 22 %, respectively. The flame-retardant fibers achieved a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test, and an increase in LOI value from 19.4 % to 28.2 %.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
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PubMed
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2024
·
IF 4.9
Chenchen Cheng,Zhaoqi Zhu,Mingxing Wang,Hanxue Sun,Jiyan Li,Rui Jiao,An Li
Epoxy resin, as a thermosetting polymer material with good performance, has been limited in application due to its high flammability. In this investigation, porous CuO-ZnO hollow spheres (CZHS) were prepared by a hydrothermal method. By incorporation with ionic liquids loaded CuO-ZnO hollow spheres (CZHS@Ils) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) into epoxy resin (EP) matrix, a new composite flame retardant material, named as EP/7.5APP/1.5CZHS@ILs, was developed for improvement of their thermal insulation and flame retardancy. The thermal conductivity of EP/7.5APP/1.5CZHS@ILs was measured to be 0.0197 W m −1 K −1 , which is lesser than that of APP incorporated epoxy resin (EP/APP), demonstrating good thermal insulation capability. The flame retardancy were assessed using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, the Vertical flame testing (UL-94) test, and the cone calorimeter (CC) test. The results obtained from LOI test show that the EP/7.5APP/1.5CZHS@ILs has good flame retardancy with a LOI value of up to 28, better than that of pure EP which has a LOI value of 19.2. Moreover, a V-0 level of the EP/7.5APP/1.5CZHS@ILs was observed from the UL-94 test. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) was reduced to 257.9 kW m −2 , which is 74.8 % lower than that of the pure EP. Such results are attributed to the synergy effect of CZHS@ILs and APP which offers the epoxy resin excellent flame retardancy. Taking advantages of the excellent thermal insulation, flame retardancy and better mechanical properties, the as-resulted EP/7.5APP/1.5CZHS@ILs may hold great potential for future thermal insulation and flame-retardant applications of energy saving building.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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高影响因子
Materials Horizons
·
2025
·
IF 10.7
Zilong Wang,Wanze Wu,Xiao Gong
Electrical fires pose significant threats to the lives and property safety of people. Although utilizing coatings to impart conductivity and flame retardancy to materials is convenient and reliable, traditional layer-by-layer preparation methods have the limitations of cost, convenience and scalability. Therefore, a single-layer coating that simultaneously imparts excellent conductivity and flame retardancy to the materials presents broader application prospects. And good adhesion of the coating is another essential aspect. However, the trade-off between conductivity, flame retardancy, and adhesion creates huge challenges in the development of such coatings. Here, we report an ethanol-induced ammonium polyphosphate-silver (APP-Ag) gels paint to completely address the above issues. The high molecular weight APP served as both a flame retardant and an adhesive, while the coordinating action of phosphate groups ensured the effective dispersion of nanosilver, and the nitrogen-containing carbon layer formed from triethanolamine and ascorbic acid at high temperature significantly enhanced the conductivity of the coating by connecting the silver nanoparticles. The coated materials could achieve electrical conductivity of over 200 S/m, with limiting oxygen index (LOI) exceeding 60%. Meanwhile, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) decreased by more than 30% compared to the untreated materials. Additionally, we utilized this gels paint to fabricate electric heating fabric, motion sensors, and fire alarm devices. Finally, we have thoroughly explored the potential mechanisms of conductivity, flame retardancy, and adhesion of the gel coatings.
研究领域:
材料科学
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涂层技术
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火灾安全工程
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PubMed
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2020
·
IF 4.032
Xiaosui Chen,Yihan Ma,Yin-Jia Cheng,Aiqing Zhang,Wei Liu,Hongfu Zhou
A novel hyperbranched polyphosphamide with abundant terminal groups of silane (HBPPA-Si) was synthesized from phosphorus oxychloride (POCl 3 ), 4, 4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) and (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), which had high thermal stability with a residual weight of 44.0 wt% at 800°C in nitrogen atmosphere. By incorporating 25 wt% of APP and HBPPA-Si with an optimum mass ratio of 1:1 into polypropylene (PP) composites, the PP/APP/HBPPA-Si composite reached V-0 rating at the UL-94 test and also obtained a maximum LOI value of 27.5%. Meanwhile, their peak heat release rates (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke production (TSP) reduced dramatically by 72.5%, 35.8%, and 62.7% respectively, when compared with virgin PP. The improved flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PP/APP/HBPPA-Si composite were ascribed to their excellent synergistic effect working efficiently in both condensed-phase and gas-phase actions. It is noticeable that the high-quality and high-quantity char residue possessing thermal-stable P- and Si-containing cross-linked structures can shield the underlying polymeric materials from further hydrolysis and simultaneously insulate the volatile fuel and heat transfer. Moreover, the weak polar silane shell of HBPPA-Si improved the interfacial compatibility of APP within the PP matrix, leading to enhanced mechanical properties with increasing HBPPA-Si concentration.
研究领域:
高分子化学
·
材料科学
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DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
·
2020
·Vol. 143
·期 5
·3479-3488
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IF 2.731
Chen Zhongwei,Yu Yuan,Zhang Qingwu,Chen Zhiquan,Chen Tingting,Li Changxin,Jiang Juncheng
Ammonium polyphosphate surface-modified by silane coupling agent (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (KH-550), named STAPP, incorporated with pentaerythritol and melamine to prepare intumescent flame retardant unsaturated polyester resin (UPR/IFRs). Surface groups, surface elements, thermal stability and surface morphology of STAPP were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The flame retardancy of the UPR composites was studied by limit oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL-94) and cone calorimeter test, and its thermal stability was evaluated by TG. The results showed that IFRs greatly improves flame retardancy, thermal stability and carbon formation ability of UPR. Compared with pure UPR, when the loading of IFRs was 25 mass%, the LOI was increased from 19.8 to 41.5%, the UL-94 test reached the V-0 rating from NR, peak heat release rate and total smoke production was decreased by 54.1 and 38.7%. Furthermore, the addition of IFRs delayed the product of smoke and release heat. TG results showed that 27.6 mass% chars remained in UPR/IFRs at 1073 K, showing a good char forming ability. Besides, honeycomb-type carbon layer with few cracks and holes was observed by SEM. Finally, the flame retardancy mechanism of IFRs was elaborated in detail, which was attributed to the siloxy groups and expanded carbon layer.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子化学
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高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2025
·
IF 8.5
Xinyu Cui,Yichao Lin,Shuchen Wang,Ruiqi Li,Jian Liu,Jun Sun,Ye-Tang Pan,Sheng Zhang
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a promising renewable polymer material known for its excellent biodegradability and good mechanical properties. However, its easy flammability and slow natural degradation limit its further applications. In this work, we designed a multi-layer core-shell flame retardant (ZIF-8@CH@APP) with interfacial characteristics through organic-inorganic hybrid technology. The interfacial functionalization of inorganic flame retardant ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was carried out with bio-based chitosan (CH), and the three-dimensional network was constructed by in-situ growth of metal-organic framework (ZIF-8). With 7 wt% addition of ZIF-8@CH@APP, the PLA composite exhibited excellent flame retarded properties. It showed V -0 vertical burning (UL-94) grade, and reduced total smoke produce (TSP) (0.2 m 2 ). Additionally, the PLA/7 % ZIF-8@CH@APP composite exhibited higher degradation rate at mild condition. Additionally, the final degradation product of ZIF-8@CH@APP was confirmed to be DL-lactic acid. The design not only improves the interface compatibility between inorganic phase and polymer matrix, but also realizes the double breakthrough of flame retardant and catalytic degradation function through physical-chemical synergism, providing an innovative solution for the recycle of PLA material.
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高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2017
·Vol. 28
·期 11
·1409-1417
·
IF 1.907
Yanyan Guan,Xin Wen,Hongfan Yang,Lipeng Zhang,Mingang Li,Jing Shao,Yunhui Li,Tao Tang
A crosslinked silicone-containing macromolecular charring agent (CSi-MCA) was synthesized via “one-pot” process, and it was combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to synergistically improve the flame retardancy of poly( l -lactic acid) (PLA). The chemical structure of synthesized CSi-MCA was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid-state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance. The thermal gravimetric analyzer indicated that the CSi-MCA displayed good thermal stability and high residue via the catalytic crosslinking. Furthermore, the flame retardant effect of CSi-MCA and APP as intumescent flame retardants in PLA system was investigated by limited oxygen index, UL94, and cone calorimeter test. When the content of CSi-MCA was 5 wt% and APP was 10 wt% (CSi-MCA/APP = 1/2), the limited oxygen index value of composites was 33.6 and UL94 classed a V-0 rating. The peak heat release rate and total heat release of PLA composites containing both APP and CSi-MCA decreased significantly in comparison with those with APP or CSi-MCA alone. The flame retardancy mechanism was investigated via analyzing residual chars by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as the possible chemical reaction between APP and CSi-MCA by thermal gravimetric analyzer and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results showed that the enhanced flame retardancy was attributed mainly to synergistic effect of CSi-MCA and APP, which could form a compact, continuous, and protective layer during combustion. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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高影响因子
Materials Today Communications
·
2026
·
IF 4.9
Xingcan Lu,Shuaijie Li,Zijian Feng,Xuan Wang,Ze Chen,Chaojun Yang,Songlin Chen,Shaoyang Liu,Yu Li
Epoxy resin-hollow glass microsphere composites (EHC) exhibit low density and excellent mechanical properties, making them promising candidates for marine/aerospace applications. However, their high flammability severely restricts broader use. To improve flame retardancy while maintaining low density, ammonium polyphosphate-coated hollow glass microspheres (APP-HGM) were utilized to fabricate flame-retardant epoxy composites (EAHC). EAHC achieved improved flame retardancy and maintained low density, but it suffered from insufficient flame-retardant efficiency and notable mechanical degradation. To address these drawbacks, SmMn 2 O 5 mullite nanoparticles (SMO) were further incorporated to fabricate the multi-component flame-retardant epoxy composite (SMO-EAHC). Systematic characterizations including thermogravimetric analysis (TG), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94) and cone calorimeter test confirmed that APP-HGM serves as both a flame-retardant filler and a lightweight matrix component, while SMO catalyzes the decomposition of APP and promotes the formation of compact char layers. SMO-EAHC achieved a LOI of 27.6% and a UL-94 V-1 rating, and presented remarkable reductions of 58.81%, 38.67%, 73.65% and 62.96% in peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), peak smoke production rate (pSPR) and total smoke production (TSP) compared with unmodified EHC. Meanwhile, SMO-EAHC exhibited a compressive strength of 23.84 MPa, representing a 32.08% improvement relative to EAHC, while maintaining a low density of 0.66 g/cm³ . In summary, this work proposes a targeted two-step modification strategy, involving APP-HGM functionalization followed by SMO complementation, to address the flammability of EHC. This strategy realizes the balanced integration of flame retardancy, lightweight characteristic and pressure resistance, providing technical support for the application of polymer composites in extreme environments.
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JOURNAL OF VINYL & ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY
·
2022
·Vol. 28
·期 3
·615-630
·
IF 2.297
Yuhui Zhang,Yu Zhao,Zihao Wang,Xuegang Jiang,Xiucai Liu,Weihong Guo
Seeking a facile strategy to synthesize efficient and inexpensive flame retardant which endows biobased polyamide 56 (PA56) with desirable flame retardancy is an urgent need. Here, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was modified with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ) to synthesize a nitrogen-phosphorus flame retardant (CN@APP) and then applied in biobased PA56. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra demonstrated that APP was successfully microencapsulated with g-C 3 N 4 . The micromorphology structure was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). PA56/CN@APP attained a UL 94 V-0 rating and limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 31.7%. A sharp reduction of 35.3% in peak heat release rate (pHRR) and 24.0% in total heat release (THR) and an 874% increase in char yield were noticed for PA56/CN@APP2 compared with pure PA56. Additionally, the peak smoke production rate (pSPR) and total smoke production (TSP) of PA56/CN@APP2 were 33.0% and 21.8% lower than those of pure PA56. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy were employed to analyze the condensed phase residues from the cone calorimeter test (CCT). The results indicated that CN@APP was beneficial for forming a more stable and compact carbon layer during combustion, thereby insulating the heat transfer and improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PA56.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
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高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）