Applied Materials Today
·
2025
·
IF 6.9
Weiqiang Han,Xia Liao
In this work, we reported a facile approach for fabricating external catalyst-free poly (ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)/poly (trimethylene carbonate) (PEF/PTMC) blend vitrimer through two-step reactive blending by the addition of 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl) 2,2′,2″-nitrilotriethanol (BIS-TRIS) and N, N′-tetraglycidyldiaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) for the first time. This method breaks through the difficulties of the traditional preparation method of vitrimer materials that must require the addition of metal catalyst, thus realizing the concept of green chemistry. At the same time, it also breaks through the difficulty of poor compatibility in the traditional blend preparation methods. Swelling and FTIR tests confirmed the presence of the dynamic cross-linking structure consisting of PEF and PTMC chains, while rheological analysis shows that the formed cross-linked network in PEF/PTMC blend can significantly improve its melt strength and make it could be foamed by supercritical carbon dioxide. An expansion ratio about 10-fold and microcellular foam with a uniform cell morphology can be obtained for PEF/PTMC composite vitrimer when the PTMC content and the gel content was less than 20% and 50%, respectively. Moreover, PEFMC foams possess greater compressive strength than that of commercial PET foams, exhibiting excellent mechanical properties. TGA and tensile experiments revealed that PEF/PTMC composite vitrimer exhibited excellent mechanical performance and thermal stability. Meanwhile, PEF/PTMC composite vitrimer still maintain the ability of excellent reprocessability. This work provides a practical green method to guide the design of novel polymer blends with improved miscibility, mechanical properties and sustainability by a dynamic cross-linking network.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS
·
2025
·
IF 12.5
Xiaoqian Zhang,Leyi Lin,Haonan Zhou,Jie Zou,Wang Zhao,Guowen Zhou,Zepeng Lei,Xiaohui Wang
The development of high-performance biomass-based vitrimers has emerged as a crucial research topic to reduce reliance on petroleum-based plastics. Achieving both high strength and toughness is essential for most biomass-based vitrimers, yet these properties typically tend to be mutually exclusive. Here we show a multifunctional composite, CFP/TAV-PI, prepared by integrating an all-natural polyimine vitrimer (TAV-PI) into chitosan fiber paper (CFP) through in-situ polymerization and heat-pressing treatments. The CFP/TAV-PI films, featuring a dual-dynamic crosslinking network of hydrogen bonds and dynamic imine bonds, achieve a tensile strength of 57.93 MPa, elongation at break of 44.66 %, and toughness of 18.00 MJ m −3 . Additionally, CFP/TAV-PI possess high transparency, self-healing ability, and thermal/chemical stability. Importantly, they are also readily degradable under both chemical and natural conditions. Our findings highlight a novel approach to prepare degradable composites with remarkable strength and flexibility, offering the potential to replace conventional plastic products.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2024
·
IF 4.1
Chang Su,Jue Cheng,Junying Zhang,Feng Gao
Since its first report in 2011, researches on vitrimer transesterification catalyst systems had been gradually focused on three aspects: low toxicity and low corrosion, good compatibility with resin matrix, and high catalytic performance for bond exchange reactions. However, it is difficult to obtain a catalytic system that can simultaneously meet the above three expectations. This research conducted the preparation of autocatalytic transesterification epoxy vitrimers by directly mixing small tertiary amine molecules with epoxy-anhydride systems and covalent incorporating tertiary amine structures into curing systems. And the influence of tertiary amine structures and covalent incorporation on the various properties of vitrimers was also discussed. A tertiary amine promoter composed of isofunctional group ratio reaction from di-n-hexamine and epoxy resin provided by this research overcame the problem of poor compatibility between tertiary amine and epoxy resin, introduced a highly active catalytic structure into vitrimer curing system. And the result indicated that the vitrimer prepared according to our new strategy had excellent comprehensive performance. In conclusion, a new idea of covalent incorporation was proposed to provide ideas and inspiration for the development of new tertiary amine-based autocatalytic transesterification epoxy vitrimers.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2025
·
IF 8.5
Tianya Hu,Duan Yuan,Xiao Fu,Shuai Zhang,Fanfan Cui,Fengchen Li,Huixia Zhou,Xiaoyu Wang,Yong Hong Meng,Yurong Guo
The K + -induced pectin-based vitrimer hydrogel ink, with dynamic exchange properties, offers an innovative solution for single-channel extrusion-based 3D food printing. However, forming hydrogen-bonded cross-linked vitrimer traditionally requires over 150 mM of K + to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between enzyme-modified pectin (EMP) molecules, which raises health concerns due to the high K + content. This study developed a novel strategy to introduce Ca 2+ bridges to partially weaken the electrostatic repulsion, fabricating low-K + vitrimer gel inks. Using 67 mM K + and 0.9 mM Ca 2+ , a densely cross-linked gel (Ca-EMP-K 67 mM) was formed at 25 °C, exhibiting excellent mechanical performance (~140 g hardness). Meanwhile, the gel possessed excellent self-healing properties, with a relaxation time of 8.3 s at 80 °C, confirming its vitrimer status. Notably, the Ca-EMP-K 67 mM gel ink achieved a ~ 55 % reduction in K + doses while enabling an increase in shaping temperature from 4 °C to 25 °C, compared to the traditional EMP-K 150 mM gel ink. These advancements enabled a low-K + pectin ink for ambient 3D printing. The introduction of Ca 2+ not only reduces the K + concentration requirement but also increases the shaping temperature, broadening the gel ink's applications in the food industry.
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
·
2025
·
IF 4.7
Lingfeng Cui,Jing Qiao,Guanyue Zeng,Yuzhu Xiong,Gege Huang,Daiqiang Li
Developing biobased rubber composites that simultaneously boost tensile strength and elongation at break while integrating self-healing capacity and reprocessability remains a critical challenge in the rubber industry. Inspired by the unique multiple hydrogen bonding structure of spider silk and the dynamic β-hydroxy ester exchange reaction, this study constructed an epoxy polyurethane rubber containing octuple hydrogen bonds and incorporated it into epoxidized natural rubber. Carboxylated silica was utilized as a bridging agent to form β-hydroxy ester reversible covalent bonds at the interface between the filler and the rubber, thereby designing a high-strength, self-repairing, and reprocessable’vitrimer’ biobased elastomer. This design approach endows the material with outstanding mechanical properties (tensile strength of 8.92 MPa, Young’s modulus of 2.71 MPa, toughness of 17.45 MJ/m3), excellent self-healing performance (healing efficiency of 92.1%), and superior processability (tensile strength recovery of 97.6%). These properties are primarily attributed to the presence of reversible noncovalent octet hydrogen bonds and dynamic covalent β-hydroxy ester bonds. Furthermore, this design can be readily implemented across different biobased epoxy polymers and carboxyl-rich nanofillers. The design concepts presented herein can be applied to the development of self-healing and reprocessable’vitrimer’ biobased elastomers, providing valuable insights for the future design of green and sustainable polymers.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2025
·
IF 4.5
Guifa Xu,Jun Wang
The recycling of thermosetting silicone rubber has seen significant advancements through the elaborate design of molecular structures. However, challenges persist in achieving effective recycling via industrially viable methods. In this work, we developed high-performance and recyclable silicone rubber, specifically polymethylvinylsiloxane (PMVS)-based vitrimers (PBVs), using melt processing. Dual-crosslinking interactions were constructed between PBVs and silica nanoparticles, combining dynamic covalent boronic ester bonds and hydrogen bonds. The PBVs exhibited high mechanical performances with tensile strength ( σ ) up to 3.65 MPa, elongation at break ( ε ) up to 1350 %, and tensile toughness ( U T ) up to 25.11 MJ/m 3 , superior to those reported silicone rubber vitrimers. Furthermore, the presence of boronic ester bonds enabled efficient thermal reprocessability, attributed to the low activation energy of dynamic bond exchange, which ranged from 13.51 to 27.64 kJ/mol for the samples examined. The material demonstrated the ability to undergo multiple reprocessing cycles with minimal loss of performance, maintaining σ of 3.49 MPa, ε of 850 % and U T of 12.88 MJ/m 3 after three times of reprocessing. By simultaneously enhancing the mechanical properties and recyclability of silicone rubber using an industrially scalable technique, the work offered a promising pathway for real-world recycling of thermosetting rubber materials.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
·
2026
·
IF 14
Bowen Zhang,Zhenzhen Sun,Guorui Qiang,Haonan Xiong,Zhuohua Sun
Epoxy-based carbon fiber-reinforced composites (EP-CFRCs) are highly attractive for engineering applications due to their outstanding strength, lightness, and high durability. However, the limited recyclability of highly cross-linked epoxy matrices and their reliance on petroleum-based resources pose major challenges for the sustainable development of EP-CFRCs. Herein, we report a high-performance bio-based dual-dynamic cross-linked epoxy vitrimer. Benefiting from rigid conjugated structures and microphase separation in the network, FBP 0.5 exhibits excellent tensile strength (90.6 MPa) and flexural strength (126.8 MPa). The synergistic effect of tertiary amine-assisted dynamic ester bonds and boronic ester bonds accelerates topological network rearrangement, enabling FBP to achieve efficient self-healing, reprocessing, and closed-loop recycling without external catalysts. The special intrinsic fluorescence of FBP allows accurate material identification during recycling. The recycled degradation products can be directly reused for the preparation of new FBP or upgraded into high-performance adhesives without further separation or purification. EP-CFRCs based on FBP 0.5 (FBP 0.5 /CF) show excellent interfacial adhesion and mechanical reinforcement, while enabling nondestructive recycling of carbon fibers. This strategy offers a promising pathway for the design of sustainable high-performance epoxy thermosets and provides a practical solution for the circular utilization of EP-CFRCs.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
BIOMACROMOLECULES
·
2026
·
IF 5.9
Tianyuan Xiao,Lu Wu,Zhewen Zhang,Lingzhi Huang,Qiu Fu,Xuanjia Yu,Jiahao Yang,Rongkai Yang,Guohua Dong,Haiqiang Shi
Conventional adhesives typically rely on toxic reagents such as phenol and formaldehyde, forming irreversible covalent networks upon curing. In this study, highly reactive uncondensed lignin was prepared using a green solvent, followed by epoxidation to facilitate its nanoscale formation. Subsequently, the lignin was copolymerized with dithiol borate, polyethylene glycol was incorporated to modulate the flexibility of the covalent adaptable network, thereby constructing a lignin-based vitrimer solid adhesive (LVSA). In particular, the dry and wet bonding strengths of VD3H3 adhesive to bamboo strips reached 19.16 and 11.70 MPa, respectively. This LVSA features thermal processability, recyclability, and photothermal conversion performance. Moreover, the functional chain segments facilitate the lignin adhesive to exert a gas-phase-solid-phase flame-retardant mechanism, with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 43.8%. This work presents an design strategy for the development of high-strength, recyclable, and multifunctional green LVSA, paving the way toward a approach for the high-value utilization of lignin.
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
·
2026
·
IF 3.9
Yuqi Ma,Jialiang Li,Shiyuan Liu,Jianbin Qin,Yongsheng Zhao,Guangcheng Zhang
The development of high-performance recyclable polyolefin elastomer foams remains a challenge due to the inherent trade-off between melt strength and foamability. In this work, a zinc-catalyzed transesterification network was constructed in olefin block copolymer (OBC) elastomer through reactive melt-grafting of maleic anhydride (MAH) and subsequent cross-linking with epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), and the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) foaming technology was successfully implemented to prepare sustainable vitrimer foams due to the improved melt strength. The resultant OBC vitrimer shows a stable dynamic-covalent-bonded network with high cross-linking density (gel content of ∼80%). As estimated by Arrhenius-type stress relaxation behavior, the OBC-V elastomer has a delayed dynamic feature with Ea ranging from 101.4 to 127.2 kJ/mol, which is favorable for its improved thermomechanical properties and broadened service temperature up to 120 °C. Interestingly, this vitrimer design presents a unique combination of enhanced melt strength for foam stabilization and active stress relaxation for eliminating local stress concentration during cell growth. Consequently, the OBC-V foams exhibited uniform and finely tuned microcellular structures (∼20 μm) under scCO2 foaming in comparison with the unstable foaming behaviors in both pure OBC and chemically cross-linked OBC samples. Additionally, the OBC-V foams show a high specific strength of 2.7 MPa/(g/cm3), good recyclability, and refoamability. This work provides a promising technique route through vitrimer chemistry toward sustainable and elastomeric polyolefin foams with lightweight and excellent mechanical performance.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2026
·Vol. 143
·期 44
·e71534
·
IF 3.1
Birong Zeng,Ran Mei,Hua Liu,Wei Lin,Wei Zheng,Guorong Chen,Weiang Luo,Yiting Xu,Conghui Yuan,Lizong Dai
This work used benzeneboronic acid on the surface of carbon dots to cross-link and cure epoxy resin, forming interfacial dynamic layers containing borate ester bond. Two carbon dots of BP-CDs and BPSi-CDs (with or without siloxane unit) were functionalized by aminobenzeneboronic acid, and further grafted by DOPO via Kabachnik-Fields reaction, which served as both curing agent and flame retardant. Compared with the curing agent of hydroxyphenylboronic acid (HPBA), the influence of BP-CDs and BPSi-CDs on the toughness, stress relaxation and reprocessing, flame retardancy and dielectric property of epoxy vitrimer composites were investigated. The results showed that both EP/BP-CDs and EP/BPSi-CDs exhibited stress relaxation behavior and reprocessibility. The impact strengths of EP/BP-CDs and EP/BPSi-CDs were 10.4 ± 2.3 KJ/m 2 and 28.9 ± 5.2 KJ/m 2 , about 6.9 times and 19.2 times that of EP/HPBA, respectively. The peak heat release rates (pHRR) of EP/BP-CDs and EP/BPSi-CDs were reduced by 48.9% and 31.3%. Besides, the LOI of EP/BP-CDs and EP/BPSi-CDs was both above 30%, and the UL-94 test reached V0 grade. Meanwhile, their hydrophobicity and dielectric properties were also improved. It implies that the interfacial dynamic crosslinking strategy on the surface of carbon dots is helpful to achieve the functionalities of epoxy/carbon dots vitrimer composites.
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2026
·
IF 7.4
Ningning Zhang,Aoqian Xi,Wenpei Chen,Ting Huang,Yurong Zeng,Li Zhou,Yanning Zeng
Recyclable bio-based vitrimers present a promising pathway to mitigate environmental pollution and diminish reliance on petroleum resources. However, integrating multiple functionalities, including flame retardancy, room-temperature self-healing, antibacterial activity, antioxidant performance, and closed-loop recyclability, into a single vitrimer system via a straightforward method remains a considerable challenge. Herein, we address this challenge by developing multifunctional bio-based vitrimers derived from natural peach gum polysaccharide (PGB) through direct curing with 1,4-phenylenebisboronic acid. The resulting cross-linked network exhibits excellent room-temperature self-healing capability, achieving over 94% healing efficiency within 180 min, attributable to the dynamic boronic ester bonds. Furthermore, the PGB vitrimers demonstrate outstanding flame retardancy, achieving a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 33.8% and a UL-94 V-0 rating. They also possess significant antioxidant activity (>85% DPPH radical scavenging rate) and exhibit strong antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus , with an average inhibition zone diameter of 15.3 mm. Owing to their multifunctionality, sustainability, and straightforward preparation, these peach gum-derived vitrimers hold great potential for advanced applications in coatings, packaging, and soft electronics.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
·
2022
·
IF 6.449
Liuping Du,Xin Jin,Gang Qian,Wen Yang,Ling Su,Yanli Ma,Shixue Ren,Shujun Li
Lignin is the most abundant renewable natural source of aromatic compounds but is the least utilized biomass resource. In a drive to increase both the value and utilization of lignin, whilst simultaneously reducing the environmental impact of petroleum products, we have designed a solvent-resistant recyclable lignin-based vitrimer, which has excellent mechanical performance. The vitrimer, which contains 73.0% lignin, has very high tensile strength (up to 68 Mpa), high elongation at break (up to 80.0%), very good solvent resistance and multiple recycling options (hot press recycling, ethylene glycol recycling, alkali recycling). The lignin-based vitrimer can be prepared without the need for catalyst or hot press molding and can be photothermally bonded. When used as a glass coating or a rubber adhesive, it not only has very good solvent resistance, but can also be easily disassembled for recycling. This work provides an efficient and high value method for utilizing lignin and also provides practical solutions to the problems of environmental pollution caused by non-renewable plastics and under-use of biomass resources.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）