EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
·
2023
·
IF 6
Yao Xu,Bingtao Wang,Zhenghong Guo,Zhengping Fang,Peng Chen,Juan Li
A bio-based copolymer (TDDL) containing lysine, dopamine, triazine was synthesized using cyanuric chloride, dopamine and lysine, respectively. The TDDL was used as a charring agent and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was used as an acid source to improve the flame retardancy of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The flame retardancy and thermal degradation behaviors of TPU blends were investigated using UL-94 vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimetry tests and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). TPU blend containing 8 wt% APP displays a UL-94 V0 rating and a LOI value 30.0 vol%. While TPU blend containing 6 wt% APP/TDDL displays a UL-94 V0 and a LOI 29.6 vol% suggesting good synergistic effect between TDDL and APP. In addition, TDDL reduces the heat release rate of TPU/APP blend, and promotes the formation of a perfect char layer during the combustion process, and suppresses the release of combustible gas and smoke. Moreover, TPU blends have better modulus and elongation at break than those of TPU.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2023
·Vol. 15
·期 9
·2074
·
IF 5
Qining Ke,Junchen Bai,Ge Zhang,Jiacheng Zhang,Mingshu Yang
It is challenging to improve the water resistance, flame retardancy, mechanical performance, and balance of halogen-free flame-retardant polypropylene (PP) composites. For this purpose, a linear vinyl polysiloxane (PD) was synthesized and then self-crosslinked under benzoyl peroxide to prepare surface-coated ammonium polyphosphate (APP@PD). Apparently, this linear vinyl polysiloxane self-crosslinking coating strategy was completely different from the commonly used sol-gel-coated APP with silane monomers. After coating, the water contact angles (WCA) of APP and APP@PD were 26.8° and 111.7°, respectively, showing high hydrophobicity. More importantly, PP/APP@PD/dipentaerythritol (DPER) showed a higher limiting oxygen index (LOI) and better UL-94 V-0 rate in comparison with PP/APP/DPER composites. After water immersion at 70 °C for 168 h, only PP/APP@PD/DPER kept the UL-94 V-0 rate and lowered the deterioration of the LOI, reflecting the better water-resistance property of APP@PD. Consistently, the cone calorimeter test results displayed a 26.2% and 16.7% reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total smoke production (TSP), respectively. Meanwhile, the time to peak smoke production rate (TPSPR) increased by 90.2%. The interfacial free energy (IFE) between APP@PD and PP was calculated to evaluate the interfacial interaction between PP and APP@PD. A reduction of 84.2% in the IFE between APP@PD and PP is responsible for the improvement in compatibility and the increase in flame retardancy, water resistance, and mechanical properties of the composites.Keywords:polypropylene;ammonium polyphosphate;vinyl polysiloxane;flame retardancy;water resistance
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
·
2023
·
IF 6.4
Moyun Kang,Wei Lin,Chenchen Liang,Jielin Zeng,Yapeng Wang,Yu Guan,Jiaji Cheng
Organic microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs) are regarded as promising for building energy efficiency while the low thermal conductivity and flammability limit their further application. Aiming at improving the thermal response performance and flame retardancy of the MPCMs, the MPCMs embedded by ammonium polyphosphate-modified halloysite nanotubes (a-HNTs) are developed and then applied in the epoxy resin (EP) coatings. Herein, the ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is grafted onto HNTs as a flame retardant for the first time and the resultant nanotubes are successfully embedded into the shell of traditional MPCMs. As a result, the obtained microcapsules (a-MPCMs) possess a regular spherical morphology and the desired chemical composition. Moreover, the a-HNTs with their unique inorganic tubular structure connect the inside and outside of the original polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) shell and act as the thermally conductive channel, which greatly facilitates the conversion of external heat to the latent heat of the capric acid (CA) core. The phase change data show that the embedding of a-HNTs has little effect on the encapsulation efficiency of MPCMs, and the latent heat of a-MPCMs is 118.3 J/g. Meanwhile, the a-HNTs/PMMA hybrid shell also significantly improves the thermal stability of MPCMs with the highest residual weight of 24.3%. With the addition of a-MPCMs, the resultant temperature-control coatings (a-MPCMs/EP) hold a high thermal cycle stability and excellent temperature control performance with less temperature fluctuation. In addition, a-HNTs also provide superior flame retardant properties for a-MPCMs/EP. Compared to the EP composites with the same mass fraction of pristine MPCMs added (MPCMs/EP), the pHRR and THR of a-MPCMs/EP are reduced by 30.2% and 4.5%, respectively. Through flame retardant modification of HNTs and incorporating them into the shell material of MPCMs, this work provides a promising approach to the development of multifunctional MPCMs with enhanced thermophysical performance and flame retardant properties.
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DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2025
·
IF 2.8
Feijing Xu,Nian Yin,Shanjun Gao,Chunhui Shen
Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and intumescent flame-retardant di-(3-amin-opropyltriethoxysilane) spirocyclic pentaerythritol diphosphate (PDAP) were prepared as an intumescent flame retardant with synergistic effect, and polylactic acid (PLA) was modified by melt blending. The flame retardancy of PLA/PDAP/APP was evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical combustion test (UL-94), and cone calorimetry test (CCT), and the thermal stability of PLA/PDAP/APP was studied by thermogravimetric analysis and thermogravimetry-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The possible flame-retardant mechanisms of PLA/PDAP/APP were analyzed based on the results of laser Raman spectroscopy and FTIR. When PDAP:APP = 2:1 and the addition amount of PDAP/APP is 20 wt%, the LOI value of PLA/IFR-modified material is as high as 43%, and the UL-94 test reaches V-0 level, and in the CCT, the PHRR and THR of PLA/PDAP/APP (2:1)-modified material are reduced by 80.7% and 76.8%, respectively, compared with pure PLA, and the carbon residue is as high as 62.01%. The results show that the compound APP/PDAP has an excellent flame-retardant effect on PLA, which provides a good research case for PLA flame-retardant-modified plastic materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER BULLETIN
·
2026
·Vol. 83
·期 7
·401
·
IF 4.2
Liu Deyu,Ba Xuan,Wu Shaoyuan,Hu Jinghan,Duan Jihong,Guan Xingyu,Zhou Guoyong,Wang Kui,Huang Weijiang,Yan Wei
Waterborne polyurethane (WPU) has the advantage of good flexibility in the coating film, high and low-temperature resistance, and the advantages of environmental protection. Currently, there is a high demand for flame-retardant WPU. Herein, a flame-retardantcomposites (WPU/BN@APP/DIDOPO) is successfully developed by incorporating ammonium polyphosphate (APP) modified boron nitride (BN@APP) and DOPO derivatives into WPU via simple casting technology.The results indicate that BN@APP formed the intended composite structure and was well dispersed in the WPU matrix. This system significantly enhanced the char residue at 700 ℃ from 0.23% to 5.22% and reducing the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 58.9% and 36.9%, respectively, compared to pure WPU. Performance analysis shows that during combustion, a dense and stable expanded carbon layer forms, effectively delaying heat and mass transfer. The mechanical properties of the WPU/0.5BN@APP/5DIDOPO composite material are optimal and its breaking strength and elongation at break are superior to those of components. This work demonstrates the potential of the BN@APP/DIDOPO composite system for enhancing flame retardancy in polymeric materials, providing valuable insights for designing advanced flame-retardant systems.
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DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2025
·
IF 7.4
Penglun Zheng,Zijian Yang,Haihan Zhao,Antai Bian,Yuhao Zhou,Quanyi Liu,Yu Zhang,Zicheng Wang
In order to solve the char formation and smoke suppression problems of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) in epoxy resin (EP) systems, this research synthesized flame-retardant SPFE using silane coupling agent KH550, which utilizes the hydrolytic condensation of the silane coupling agent to achieve covalent bonding with the surface of APP, and anchors ferrocene in the structure of the Schiff base. Applying SPFE to EP gives EP the triple functions of flame retardant, smoke suppression and char formation. It was demonstrated that the addition of SPFE improved the EP system's flexural and impact strength, mainly due to the effect of the introduction of the Schiff base group and the rigid large benzene ring on the crosslinking density of the system. By analyzing the fire safety behavior of the system, 3 wt % of SPFE can make the EP system UL-94 rating V-0. In the CCT test, pure EP has a peak heat release rate (PHRR) that up to 1075.1 kW · m -2 , and the total heat release (THR) is as high as 131.3 MJ · m -2 . EP/3-SPFE can reduce the system PHRR and THR by 47.3 % and 34.7 %, respectively. Attributed to the presence of ferrocene, EP/3-SPFE decreased the total smoke release (TSR) and smoke release rate (SPR) of the system by 41.6 % and 34.9 %, respectively, while promoting the conversion of CO to CO 2 in the system. According to research on its flame retardant mechanism, the addition of SPFE can significantly improve the quality of the char layer while also diluting the flammable gases produced during combustion. It also has a dual-phase flame retardant effect in the gas phase and condensed phase, increasing the EP's fire safety.
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DOI
高影响因子
POWDER TECHNOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 4.6
Zhipeng Zhang,Pengcheng Wang,Kai Liang,Bihe Yuan
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is highly flammable and exhibits dripping behavior when ignited. Improving its flame retardancy is critical to broadening its application. However, the application of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to TPU tends to result in the undesirable consequence of excessive smoke emission. Herein, a one-pot method was used to surface micro-structure modification of APP with piperazine and tannic acid to construct a core-shell intumescent flame retardant (APT), which was then introduced into TPU by melt blending to obtain TPU/APT composites. Compared to TPU, TPU/7APT achieves a UL-94 V -0 rating without dripping and reduces the peak heat release rate by 80.0 % and total heat release by 37.8 %. Furthermore, at the same additive level, the total smoke production of TPU/7APT is reduced by 22.8 % compared to TPU/7APP. Through the analysis of the char layer and gas-phase pyrolysis products of TPU/APT, the flame-retardant and smoke-suppression mechanism is explored. This modification strategy addresses the limitations of APP application in TPU, providing valuable insights for the development of high-performance TPU composites.
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
·
2019
·
IF 3.375
Can Wu,Xiaodong Wang,Junying Zhang,Jue Cheng,Ling Shi
A novel type of microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) with a triallyl cyanurate (TAC)/SiO2 double-layered shell was synthesized through in-situ polymerization, followed by the thiol–ene photograted reaction. With a double bond in the TAC outer shell, MAPP could be utilized as a highly efficient flame retardant for intumescent flame-retarded natural rubber (NR). The chemical structure, morphology, and performance of MAPP were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, water contact angle (WCA), scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. MAPP exhibited a hydrophobic feature with a WCA of 101° because of its organic outer shell, which made MAPP well dispersed in the NR matrix as well as enhanced the compatibility between the MAPP and NR matrix. The resulting intumescent flame-retardant NR compounds not only achieved excellent flame-retardant performance but also obtain improved mechanical properties because of the presence of 3D-cross-linking networks between the MAPP and NR matrix. The NR/MAPP compounds also presented good water resistance because of the microencapsulation of APP with an SiO2 inner shell, which provided a waterproof barrier for APP. Based on the cone calorimetric results, the NR/MAPP compounds also presented a decline in total heat release and heat release rate but an improvement in ignition time due to the fact that both the SiO2 inner layer and TAC outer shell could enhance the formation of a high-strength thermally stable char layer during combustion, thus preventing heat transmission and diffusion. The significant enhancement in flame-retardant performance was principally ascribed to the synergistic char-forming effect derived from the APP core and TAC/SiO2 shell. This work provides a new idea for development of APP-based flame-retardant additives and also explores their potential applications in intumescent flame-retardant polymeric systems.
研究领域:
高分子材料科学
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阻燃化学
·
功能材料
·
纳米复合材料
·
表面工程
·
热稳定性分析
·
聚合物改性
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
·
2023
·Vol. 31
·期 11
·4752-4769
·
IF 5.3
Yue Xiaopeng,Zhang Siqian,Xu Yang,Wang Zhiwei,Meng Ling
To demonstrate the influence of core-shell structure of microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MCAPPs) on the flame-resistant and smoke inhibition efficiency of polymer composites, four kinds of MCAPPs with unilaminar or bistratal shells were fabricated and used to fabricate flame retarded Poly (butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) composites. The MCAPP with cross-linked β-cyclodextrin as outer layer (MFAPP-CD 1 ) exhibited the highest flame-resistant efficiency. Accordingly, 75P/25MFAPP-CD 1 showed the highest char residue and densest char layer, also the lowest pHRR and THR, decreasing by 77.4 and 76.9% compared with PBAT, respectively. Meanwhile, the lowest SPR and TSP also demonstrated its excellent smoke inhibition effect due to the weakened catalytic effect of Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) on carbonization agent. As a result, a LOI value (33.2%) and UL-94 V0 rating could be achieved. A reasonable core-shell structure could improve the carbon forming capacity and reduce the release of volatiles during combustion. Polyhydroxy carbonization agent should be designed as the outer layer of bistratal MCAPP. Graphical Abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
·
聚合物工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2020
·Vol. 12
·期 3
·534
·
IF 3.426
Jingyu Wang,Hui Shi,Pinlie Zhu,Yuanjie Wei,Jianwei Hao
A zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF-67) was assembled onto the surface of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) for preparing a series multifunctional flame-retardant APP-ZIFs. The assembly mechanism, chemical structure, chemical compositions, morphology, and specific surface area of APP-ZIFs were characterized. The typical APPZ1 and APPZ4 were selected as intumescent flame retardants with dipentaerythritol (DPER) because of their superior unit catalytic efficiency of cobalt by thermogravimetric analysis. APPZ1 and APPZ4 possessed 6.8 and 92.1 times the specific surface area of untreated APP, which could significantly enhance the interfacial interaction, mechanical properties, and migration resistance when using in ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). With 25% loading, 25% APPZ4/DPER achieved a limiting oxygen index value of 29.4% and a UL 94 V-0 rating, whereas 25% APP/DPER achieved a limiting oxygen index value of only 26.2% and a V-2 rating, respectively. The peak of the heat release rate, smoke production rate, and CO production rate respectively decreased by 34.7%, 39.0%, and 40.1%, while the char residue increased by 91.7%. These significant improvements were attributed to the catalytic graphitization by nano cobalt phosphate and the formation of a more protective char barrier comprised of graphite-like carbon.Keywords:zeolite imidazole framework;APP;interface assembly;flame retardant
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
高分子科学
·
消防安全工程
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
·
2020
·
IF 7.632
Guochao Yang,Jingrui Cai,Yaru Geng,Bingbing Xu,Qiuhui Zhang
After the flame-retardant treatment, a pulp fiber has the problems of high smoke production and high smoke toxicity. To solve the above problems, a ZSM zeolite after copper modification was added to the ammonium polyphosphate (APP) flame-retardant pulp, and the effects of the modified ZSM zeolite on flame retardance, smoke suppression, and toxicity reduction were investigated. The content of Cu in the ZSM zeolite modified by ion exchange and calcination (500Cu-Z) was 1.73%, and its existing forms were free Cu2+, combined Cu2+, and Cu+. After modification, the strength of the weak and medium strong acids in the zeolite decreased, and the total acid content decreased by 10.90%. However, in the high-temperature range, a new strong acid site appeared. Compared with the APP-treated pulp fiber, the addition of 500Cu-Z could reduce the carbonization length, and the amount of smoke released decreased by 63.28% at the same time. The analysis of the gas composition indicates that the 500Cu-Z zeolite can reduce the relative concentration of CO to decrease the toxicity of smoke in the combustion process. A stronger flame-retardant layer was formed on the surface of the pulp fiber after adding zeolite and APP. There were chemical bonds such as P═O, C═C, C–O, Si–O–Si on the surface of the flame-retardant layer of 500Cu-Z/A/Pulp2.0. The 500Cu-Z zeolite had a synergistic flame-retardant effect with APP on the pulp fiber. After combustion, it was shown that a phosphoric acid layer existed on the surface of the fiber. The addition of zeolites can form a mosaic mechanism between the zeolite and the phosphoric acid layer to strengthen the flame-retardant layer. To conclude, the flame-retardant layer may reduce the generation of smoke and 500Cu-Z zeolites in layer catalytic CO to CO2 in smoke to reduce toxicity.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2023
·Vol. 15
·期 5
·1304
·
IF 5
Feiyue Wang,Jiahao Liao,Miaotian Long,Long Yan,Mengtao Cai
A unique hybridized intumescent flame retardant named reduced-graphene-oxide-modified ammonium polyphosphate (RGO-APP) was successfully synthesized via the simple hydrothermal method and reduced process. Then, the obtained RGO-APP was applied in epoxy resin (EP) for flame retardancy reinforcement. The addition of RGO-APP results in a significant reduction in heat release and smoke production from the EP, which is attributed to EP/RGO-APP producing a more compact and intumescent char against the heat transfer and combustible decomposition, thus enhancing the fire safety of EP, as confirmed by char residue analysis. Especially, the EP containing 15 wt% RGO-APP acquires a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 35.8% and shows a 83.6% reduction in peak heat release rate and a 74.3% reduction in peak smoke production rate compared with those of pure EP. The tensile test exhibits that the presence of RGO-APP favors the enhancement in tensile strength and elastic modulus of EP due to the good compatibility between flame retardant and epoxy matrix, as supported by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. This work provides a new strategy for the modification of APP, thus facilitating a promising application in polymeric materials.Keywords:epoxy resin;ammonium polyphosphate;graphene oxide;flame retardancy;char formation
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）