POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2019
·Vol. 30
·期 9
·2331-2339
·
IF 2.162
Hao Tang,ZongMin Zhu,Rui Chen,JunJie Wang,Hong Zhou
A novel DOPO-based pyrazine derivative 6-((2-hydroxyphenyl)(pyrazin-2-ylamino)methyl)dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (DHBAP) was triumphantly synthesized by a two-step addition reaction using 2-aminopyrazine, 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as reactants, and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and 1 H NMR. Afterwards, the addition type flame retardant (DHBAP) was utilized to modify epoxy resin (EP) by blending method. When the content of DHBAP in neat EP was 8 wt%, it reached to the V-0 rating and the limited oxygen index (LOI) value up to 34.0%. Furthermore, according to the cone calorimeter (CC) test results, the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), smoke produce rate (SPR) and total smoke production (TSP) of EP/8% DHBAP decreased by 26.3%, 21.3%, 37.0% and 60.9% when compared with neat EP, respectively, indicating that DHBAP had good inhibition on heat and smoke releases. Eventually, the flame-retardant mechanism of DHBAP was further explored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The results showed that DHBAP had good flame-retardant activity in the gasous-condensed two phases.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Applied Energy Materials
·
2022
·
IF 6.959
Pengfei Lv,Song Xie,Qiang Sun,Xiantao Chen,Yuanhua He
A flame-retardant solid polymer electrolyte (FR-SPE) membrane was successfully designed through UV-curing flame-retardant polyurethane acrylate (PUA) oligomers, succinonitrile, aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and lithium salt. The flame retardant PUA is formed by grafting reactive flame-retardant 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) on the main chain of the oligomer. The cross-linked PUA ensures excellent mechanical properties and high flame retardancy of FR-SPE. Moreover, the flame retardancy of the FR-SPE can reach the V-0 level of the UL-94 test when the grafting rate of DOPO on PUA reached 39%, and the obtained FR-SPE achieves a high ionic conductivity of 2.66 × 10–4 S cm–1 at room temperature, a wide electrochemical stability window of 5 V, and a high lithium-ion transfer number of 0.55. Moreover, FR-SPE shows a stable lithium plating/stripping response for over 600 h under a constant current density of 0.1 mA cm–2. Meanwhile, the cell of LiFePO4/FR-SPE/Li4Ti5O12 has excellent cycling stability (144.6 mA h g–1 at 0.2 C after 100 cycles) and rate capability (107.4 mA h g–1 at 5 C). In addition, the electrolyte has no adverse effect on the cycle performance of batteries with graphite electrodes. Thus, such cross-linked flame-retardant SPEs are argued to provide an effective method for more broadly enhancing lithium battery safety and performance.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源存储与转换
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
·
2018
·
IF 4.514
Gaowei Yuan,Bing Yang,Yinghong Chen,Yinggang Jia
Through reaction of the active functional groups on framework of Graphene oxide (GO) with 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and cage octaminopropyl silsesquioxane (oapPOSS), a novel multi-structure synergistic graphene-based ternary graft flame retardant oapPOSS-graft-GO-graft-DOPO (P G D) was designed and synthesized successfully. The obtained P G D was then applied in PP flame retardation. Compared with pure PP, the peak heat release rate and total heat release of PP composite are reduced by 78.0% and 44.9% via adding 25 wt% P G D. These notable reductions in fire hazards are mainly due to the synergistic effects of graphene/nitrogen/phosphorus/silicon multi-structures: the graphene sheets enhance the barrier property of carbon layers to prevent heat and volatile transfer; the phosphorus-containing groups as catalyst accelerate and promote the char formation in condensed phase; the Si O Si structures improve the thermal oxidative stability; the nitrogen elements in P G D produce the inert gases at high temperature and play a major role in the gaseous phase.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH
·
2026
·Vol. 33
·期 3
·68
·
IF 3.5
Wang Kui,Xu Zai,Liu Shaojie,Tu Chunyun,Huang Weijiang,Yan Wei
Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiber skeleton has become essential components in designing high-performance composite materials such as solid electrolytes, however, its widespread application is still limited by high flammability. In this work, phytic acid-modified mesoporous silica (PA-mSiO 2 ) was prepared via the sol-gel method followed by surface modification, and then it was incorporated together with a phenethyl-bridged DOPO derivative (DiDOPO) into a PAN precursor solution to fabricate composite nanofibers via electrospinning. The morphology and structure of the prepared PA-mSiO 2 and the resulting composite nanofiber skeleton were characterized. The flame retardancy of the PAN composite nanofiber skeleton was evaluated, which revealing a pronounced synergistic effect between PA-mSiO 2 and the DOPO derivative. The combined system was more effective than the individual additives in suppressing combustion, as evidenced by reductions in the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 34.5% and 12.7% respectively, along with increases in the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and char yield by 52.5% and 18.1% respectively. The synergistic mechanism was investigated, indicating that PA-mSiO 2 primarily acted in the condensed phase by catalyzing the formation of a stable, phosphorus-rich siliconaceous char layer that acted as a thermal barrier. Simultaneously, the DiDOPO derivative functioned in the gas phase by releasing flame-inhibiting radicals. This work demonstrates an effective strategy for creating flame-retardant PAN nanofiber skeleton, which may hold potential for application in high-safety electrolyte design.
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DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2026
·
IF 3.1
Liu Duan,Shuang Yang,Jingsheng Wang,Kaiwen Chen,Jun Wang,Xi Chen,Shengyi Zhang,Wei Liu
Vinyl ester resin (VER) is highly flammable, which limits its use in applications requiring high flame resistance. However, conventional flame-retardant approaches often degrade its mechanical properties. To improve both the flame retardancy and mechanical performance, this work developed a grafting strategy incorporating phosphorus-containing flexible side chains. Three DOPO-based diol derivatives with different chain lengths (DOPE, DOPB, and DOPH) were synthesized and then grafted onto the VER backbone through 4,4′-methylenediphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) to obtain VER/M-DOPx systems. The modified resins showed obvious improvements in both flame retardancy and mechanical properties. VER/M-DOPE and VER/M-DOPB achieved UL-94V-0 ratings, with LOI values of 28.6% and 26.7%, respectively, while VER/M-DOPH reached a V-1 rating and an LOI of 28.9%. VER/M-DOPB showed the best flame-retardant effect, reducing the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 68.5% and 43.7% compared with VER. The incorporation of flexible DOPO-based diol chains also enhanced toughness and strength; VER/M-DOPE exhibited increases of 4.53%, 26.24%, and 81.35% in tensile, flexural, and impact strengths, respectively. These results indicate the feasibility of enhancing both the flame retardancy and the mechanical properties of VER through grafting phosphorus-containing flexible side chains.
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2026
·
IF 5.1
Qiushuang Xu,Yonghao Lv,Hongyan Li,Zhu-bao Shao,Zhiming Jiang
Cycloaliphatic epoxy resins are widely used in electronic packaging owing to their excellent dielectric properties and weather resistance. However, their inherent flammability and the trade-off between flame retardancy and low dielectric properties limit practical applications. To address these issues, a phosphaphenanthrene-based anhydride (DPIA) was employed as a co-hardener for cyclosiloxane cycloaliphatic epoxy resins. The flame retardancy was gradually enhanced with increasing DPIA content, leading to a limiting oxygen index (LOI) up to 29.2% and achieving a UL-94 V-0 rating. Heat release was also significantly suppressed, with a 45% reduction in both peak heat release rate and total heat release. Meanwhile, the chemical incorporation of DPIA improved the thermal stability of the epoxy resins, as evidenced by increased thermal decomposition temperature, char residue, and glass transition temperature. The DPIA-modified epoxy resins also exhibited superior tensile strength compared to the control sample, attributable to good compatibility and the rigid structure of DPIA. Importantly, the chemical introduction of an appropriate amount of DPIA effectively enhanced the dielectric performance of the epoxy resins owning to the increment of free volume suppressing polarity. In summary, the chemical incorporation of DPIA simultaneously enhances the flame retardancy, thermal stability, dielectric properties, and mechanical performance of epoxy resins. Thus, this work provides a facile strategy for fabricating high-performance epoxy resins for applications in the electronic packaging field.
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DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2025
·
IF 2.8
Chao Ling,Wen Zhang,Zhengzhou Wang
The rapid advancement in microdevice and integrated circuit technology had precipitated significant thermal failures and elevated fire risks for epoxy resin (EP). In order to simultaneously enhance the flame-retardant and thermal conductivity performance of EP, biomass phytic acid was used to modify boron nitride (BN) to obtain BNA, and then 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) was used to functionalize BNA in order to prepare functionalized BN with excellent flame retardancy and good thermal conductivity. FT-IR, SEM, and TGA were used to characterize the functionalized BN. The EP composite with 15 wt % functionalized BN (EP/15% FBN) exhibited a UL-94 V-0 rating and a LOI of 35.3%. The peak heat release rate, total heat release rate, and total smoke production of EP/15% FBN decreased by 47.6%, 44.7%, and 19.8%, respectively, compared with those of EP. The mechanical properties of EP/15% FBN were enhanced compared with those of EP. Additionally, a 150% enhancement in thermal conductivity was observed for EP/15% FBN, which was attributed to the decreased interfacial thermal resistance. The enhanced flame retardation of the EP composites primarily resulted from the creation of a stable char layer. Consequently, the flame-retardant modified BN offered a novel approach for developing flame-retardant and thermally conductive EP composites.
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER INTERNATIONAL
·
2025
·
IF 3.6
Qiunan Xie,Ming Huang,Zhenzhen Li,Wei Hu,Jingcheng Liu,Xiaojie Li,Wei Wei
Improving the flame retardancy of epoxy thermosets without sacrificing mechanical properties, thermal decomposition stability and glass transition temperature ( T g ) remains a challenge. In this study, a novel halogen-free flame retardant containing phosphorus/nitrogen (N 3 P 3 -DI) was synthesized from cyclotriphosphazene, p -hydroxybenzaldehyde, itaconic anhydride and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). Subsequently, N 3 P 3 -DI was used for flame-retardant modification of epoxy resin (EP). After the introduction of 10 wt% N 3 P 3 -DI, the EP thermoset achieved a limiting oxygen index of 29.6% and UL-94 V-0 rating. The peak heat release rate and total smoke production of the N 3 P 3 -DI-modified EP thermosets decreased by 48.4% and 27.5%, respectively, compared to those of the pure EP thermoset. Furthermore, the flame retardancy effect of N 3 P 3 -DI was confirmed by analysis of pyrolysis volatiles and the residual char of the thermoset. Compared with the pure EP thermoset, the N 3 P 3 -DI-modified EP thermoset also exhibited an increase of both the impact strength and flexural strength by 46.3% and 31.2%, respectively, demonstrating the effect of simultaneous toughening and strengthening. This is mainly due to the introduction of N 3 P 3 -DI reducing the crosslinking density of the thermoset network and increasing the free volume, while also improving the rigidity of the network chain. In addition, the modified EP thermosets still maintained high levels of T g and thermal decomposition temperature. Therefore, this study provides an attractive strategy to simultaneously improve the flame retardancy, toughness and strength of epoxy thermosets, showing great prospects for future advanced applications in composites. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2022
·Vol. 139
·期 21
·52209
·
IF 3.057
Yong Guo,Zhongwei Chen,Yuan Yu,Tingting Chen,Qingwu Zhang,Changxin Li,Juncheng Jiang
A new-type flame retardant DEZ of bi-DOPO compound containing bi-hydroxy and two amino groups, was synthesized from terephthalonitrile, hydroxylamine hydrochloride, and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide, and used with curing agent 4,4′-diamino-diphenylmethane to prepare flame retard epoxy resin (EP) composites. 1 H and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and Fourier transform infrared spectra have determined the chemical structure of DEZ. The properties of cured EP composites were explicitly evaluated by differential scanning calorimeter, thermogravimetric analysis, the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94) test, cone calorimetry test, and flexural test. The 1 wt% addition of DEZ could improve the EP composites by almost 14.4% of flexural strength and 29.6% of flexural modulus, respectively. The LOI of EP composites with 5 wt% of DEZ was 29.7% and EP composites reached a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test, as well as total heat release was decreased by 11.2%. All EP modified by DEZ exhibited a blow-out effect in the combustion process, which was due to the release of pyrolysis gases and incombustible gases containing phosphorus radicals and nitrogen compounds.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2023
·
IF 6.6
Yong Guo,Haoming Yang,Hu Rong,Zhongwei Chen,Tingting Chen,Yuan Yu,Chunlei He,Jing Zhou,Qingwu Zhang,Yajie Bu,Juncheng Jiang
A novel derivative of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) bearing cyano groups, referred to as PDPO, was successfully synthesized and applied as an additive for epoxy resin (E-44, with epoxide equivalent weights ranging from 201 to 240 g/epoxide), along with the curing agent 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM). Comprehensive characterization techniques, including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 1 H and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and elemental analysis (EA), were employed to confirm the chemical structure of PDPO. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed remarkable thermal stability for PDPO, with a substantial char residue of 43.1 wt% at 800 °C. Introducing 5 wt% PDPO into the EP formulation resulted in a notable enhancement of fire retardancy, as evident from the increased Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) value of 32.2 % and the attainment of UL-94 V-0 rating for the EP/PDPO-5. The efficacy of fire retardancy was further underscored by cone calorimeter (CC) testing, which showcased a reduction in heat release rate and smoke production. An in-depth analysis of pyrolysis behavior and char formation demonstrated that PDPO exhibited multifaceted roles in both the gas and condensed phases, contributing to the fire retardant properties of the material. Additionally, the incorporation of PDPO at a concentration of 1 wt% led to notable enhancements in the tensile and flexural strength of EP/PDPO-1 by 15.2 % and 10.4 %, respectively, compared to neat EP. Remarkably, the transparency of EP/PDPO-1 was preserved at 95.6 %, while the water contact angle was elevated to 115.5°, indicating improved hydrophobicity . These results collectively highlight the potential of PDPO as a fire-retardant additive, demonstrating its ability to simultaneously stay transparency and enhance mechanical properties and hydrophobic characteristics in the EP/PDPO systems.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2025
·
IF 4
Jiang Qi,Li Jia-Yi,Hu Han,Sun Jin-Hao,Cao Wei-Hong,Hu Lin-Yi,Wei Dong-Qing,Wang Jing-Gang,Zhu Jin
Bio-based 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid polyesters offer significant promise for reducing energy and environmental crises. However, their intrinsic flammability remains a critical limitation, and conventional flame-retardant strategies often compromise their mechanical properties, hindering their practical applications. Herein, a 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-based comonomer (DDP) was used to synthesize flame-retardant poly(ethylene furandicarboxylate- co -phosphaphenanthrene) (PEFDn). The covalent integration of DDP confers intrinsic flame retardancy, avoiding the plasticization and migration issues associated with additive-type systems. Upon thermal decomposition, the DOPO-derived moieties release phosphoric acid and radical scavengers, promoting char formation and suppressing flame propagation. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with non-covalent interaction (NCI) analysis revealed that DOPO dimer molecules adopt a stable parallel-displaced π–π stacking configuration, potentially facilitating microphase separation and enhancing the energy dissipation capability. PEFD 10 achieves a UL-94 V-0 rating while simultaneously increasing impact toughness from 1.5 kJ/m 2 to 14.7 kJ/m 2 . Importantly, PEFDn maintained acceptable oxygen-barrier properties. PEFD 10 also exhibited high transparency and UV-shielding performance. The combination of intrinsic flame safety, impact-toughness resistance, UV shielding, and an oxygen barrier ensures reliable protection of electrical components and long-term operational stability. The integration of multiple critical properties within a single bio-based material represents a novel approach for enabling sustainable polymer solutions for high-performance electrical applications.
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING
·
2026
·
IF 14
Wenjing Qian,Kaixiong Zhao,Xinyu Liu,Zhenghui Gao,Zhiyou Wang,Weiyi Xing,Yanbei Hou
Epoxy resins are widely used in structural composites and protective coatings, but their high flammability and release of smoke and toxic gases remain major safety concerns. Conventional transition-metal oxides have been explored for char formation and smoke suppression, but limited active-site diversity and redox flexibility restrict their performance; meanwhile, low-loading DOPO-modified epoxy systems still struggle to balance flame retardancy, smoke suppression, toxicity reduction, and mechanical performance. Here, spinel-structured Mn–Co–Cr–Fe–Ni–Cu high-entropy oxides (HEOs) were introduced into a DOPO-modified epoxy system to construct low-loading multifunctional flame-retardant composites. The defect-rich HEOs contain multivalent transition-metal sites and oxygen-vacancy-related structures, which can assist DOPO in regulating combustion reactions, promoting catalytic carbonization, and suppressing volatile degradation products. At the same total additive loading, partial replacement of DOPO by 0.5 wt% HEOs enabled EP/2.0DOPO/0.5HEOs to show the best overall fire-safety performance among the investigated formulations. Compared with neat epoxy, the pHRR decreased from 1460 to 1186 kW/m 2 , while the THR, peak SPR, TSP, and peak COP were reduced by approximately 52%, 52%, 12%, and 40%, respectively, indicating suppressed heat release, reduced peak smoke emission, and lower CO generation. In terms of mechanical performance, EP/2.0DOPO/0.1HEOs exhibited the highest tensile and impact strengths of 73.79 MPa and 38.37 kJ/m 2 , respectively. This work demonstrates that low-loading HEOs can serve as multifunctional catalytic additives for improving fire safety, smoke suppression, toxicity reduction, and mechanical robustness of epoxy composites.
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）