POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2020
·
IF 4.032
Hao Wang,Shan Li,Zongmin Zhu,Xianze Yin,Luoxin Wang,Yunxuan Weng,Xuyi Wang
A novel flame retardant POBDBI was generated by the reaction of p-dibenzaldehyde, 5-amino-2-benzimidazolinone and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), and employed to epoxy resin. The structure of POBDBI was measured by FT-IR and NMR tests. Then flame-retardant EP was fabricated by using POBDBI as a flame-retardant. The thermal stability, flame-retardant performance and fire behavior were investigated by a serious of comprehensive instruments. Combustion tests show the flame-retardant performance of composite materials has been significantly improved. For example, the EP/POBDBI-1.0 with the phosphorus content of 1.0% accorded a V-0 rating and its limiting oxygen index (LOI) value increased to 36.5%. Besides, total smoke production (TSP), peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of EP/POBDBI-1.0 dropped significantly, and the corresponding values were decreased by 48.4%, 48.9% and 8.7%, respectively. At the same time, the composition, morphology of chars and gaseous products of POBDBI were studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), FT-IR, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Py-GC/MS. These results presented that POBDBI could not only exerted free radical capture effect, but also enhanced the density of char residue.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 2.8
Duan Qiancheng,Dong Xiang,Sun Zhiyu,Dai Guowei,Li De-long,Xie Le,Liu Song
A novel multifunctional flame-retardant DOPO-AS/M(OH)(OCH 3 ) (M = Co, Ni) was synthesized and incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) to prepare EP composites with enhanced flame retardancy and mechanical properties. Specifically, the DOPO-AS was synthesized using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), salicylaldehyde (Salal), and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). The 2D nanosheet M(OH)(OCH 3 ) was surface modified with DOPO-AS, thereby synthesizing the organic/inorganic nanohybrid DOPO-AS/M. The results showed that the addition of only 5% (by wt) DOPO-AS/M enabled EP to achieve the UL-94 of V-1 rating, with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increasing from 28.7% to 31.0%. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results demonstrated that the EP/DOPO-AS/M composite exhibited a significant enhancement in thermal stability compared to pure EP. Meanwhile, EP/DOPO-AS/M 5% composite showed significant reduction of 48.1%, 14.7%, 30.9%, and 22.7% in the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP), respectively. In addition, the tensile strength and elongation-at-break of the EP composite with 1% (by wt) DOPO-AS/M were increased by 13.5% and 3.2%, compared with pure EP. This work provides a novel and facile strategy for the simultaneous enhancement of flame retardancy and mechanical properties in EP composites, showing promising potential for practical applications. Graphical
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2022
·
IF 5.204
Yong Guo,Hu Rong,Zhongwei Chen,Tingting Chen,Yuan Yu,Xida Zhang,Yanpeng Chu,Qingwu Zhang,Changxin Li,Juncheng Jiang
A novel reactive flame retardant (PABO) was synthesized via a one-pot reaction from para-aminobenzonitrile, p-hydroxy benzaldehyde and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and applied on epoxy resin (EP). The curing state of the EP mixture with the addition of PABO was excellent as detected by the cure index (CI). Thermogravimetric analysis showed that compared with DOPO, PABO possessed a higher degradation temperature, a lower thermal decomposition rate and the Char 800 (char residues at 800°C) increased from 1.5 to 26.5 wt%. The EP/PABO-5 with only 5 wt% PABO content attained a limiting oxygen index of 32.7% and possessed the UL-94 V-0 level. The calculated flame retardant index (FIGRA) showed that the fire safety of EP/PABO-5 was superior to that of EP/DOPO-5. For flame retardant mechanism, in the gas phase, PABO possessed the function of retarding the thermo-oxidative decomposition of EP, the quenching effect of phosphorus radicals and the diluting effect of non-combustible nitrogen-containing gas. In the condensed phase, the trimerization reaction of nitrile groups happened and the existence of the phosphaphenanthrene group together promoted the formation of a stable char layer, which could obstruct the transfer of heat and oxygen.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF VINYL & ADDITIVE TECHNOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 3.6
Huajun Duan,Ruian Li,Yuan Gao,Jiangtao Geng,Yuan Chen,Ya Li,Weipeng Liu,Huiru Ma
Epoxy resin (EP) is a thermosetting resin of significant commercial value. However, it is afflicted by inherent defects, including flammability and non-self-extinguishing properties. Consequently, it is imperative to modify EP with flame retardant additives. Currently, the majority of flame retardants are characterized by complexity and a cumbersome preparation process, which is not conducive to environmental sustainability. Consequently, there is a growing demand for eco-friendly bio-based flame retardants. In this paper, bio-based reactive flame retardants (HGD) with hydroxymethyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups were prepared in a one-step method by bulk reaction using the bio-based materials 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, guaiacol, and DOPO as raw materials, and were added into EP as co-curing agents to prepare flame retardant epoxy resins (FREPs). Comprehensive evaluation revealed fire safety improvements in HGD-modified EP systems. Specifically, the optimized EP/HGD-7.5 formulation demonstrated reductions in key combustion parameters compared to unmodified EP: 35.7% decrease in peak heat release rate (pHRR), 34.0% reduction in total heat release (THR), 24.3% lower average effective heat of combustion (Av-EHC), and 16.8% suppression of total smoke production (TSP). Meanwhile, the modified composites exhibited concurrent mechanical enhancement. At 7.5% HGD loading, flexural strength and modulus increased by 21.1% and 20.0%, respectively, while tensile performance optimization occurred at 5.0% loading with 20.6% strength improvement and 24.5% modulus elevation. Notably, HGD-modified EP systems maintained superior thermal stability. The glass transition temperature ( T g ) of EP/HGD-7.5 is 154.2°C, exceeding that of EP. This investigation successfully demonstrates a sustainable approach for developing multifunctional epoxy composites with enhanced fire resistance and mechanical performance through bio-based modification.
研究领域:
高分子科学
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材料工程
·
消防安全工程
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绿色化学
·
可持续材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2026
·Vol. 37
·期 6
·e70651
·
IF 3.8
Weijiang Huang,Jie Zhang,Ping Yang,Jinghan Hu,Chunyun Tu,Wentao He,Qin Tian,Kui Wang,Xiaolu Xu,Wei Yan
A novel P–N–Si coflame retardant comprising bio-based phytic acid/melamine–coated SiO 2 (PM@SiO 2 ) was designed. The effects of a combination of a 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)-derived compound (PN-DOPO) with PM@SiO 2 on the flame retardancy and thermal decomposition of WPU were investigated. Compared with pure WPU, the WPU/PN-DOPO/PM@SiO 2 composites possessing different PM@SiO 2 addition amounts demonstrated enhanced flame retardancy. The addition of 5 wt% PM@SiO 2 and 9 wt% PN-DOPO increased the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of pure WPU from 19.0% to 29.4%, and the resulting material achieved a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), and fire growth index of WPU/9%PN-DOPO/5%PM@SiO 2 considerably decreased by 36.1%, 29.1%, and 41.9%, respectively. The excellent flame retardancy is attributed to the ability of PM@SiO 2 to effectively repair defects in the char layer formed by the gas-phase PN-DOPO flame retardant via its silica-cross-linked network. Moreover, the initial thermal decomposition temperature of WPU/9%PN-DOPO/5%PM@SiO 2 increased from 229.6°C to 260.1°C. Moreover, the tensile strength and storage modulus were considerably enhanced. This study presents a new research paradigm for developing environmentally friendly flame-retardant WPUs based on green and synergistic multimechanistic strategies.
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DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 13.2
Baoying Liu,Dejian He,Zhenhua Wang,Haoning Li,Xiaomin Fang,Tao Ding,Wenkai Zhang,Zhiwei Li
Glass fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6/GF) composites are widely used due to their excellent mechanical and thermal properties, but the glass fibers exacerbate flammability via the “candlewick effect”. Conventional flame retardants require high loadings (>15 wt%), which degrade mechanical performance and processing, limiting practical use. Herein, we developed a dual-functional interfacial flame-retardant strategy through incorporating a DOPO-functionalized compatibilizer, poly(DOPO-hydroxyethyl acrylate- co -maleic anhydride) [P(DH-co-MA)]. P(DH-co-MA) covalently bonds to the glass fiber surface via maleic anhydride groups, significantly improving fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion and composite integrity. With a minimal addition of 0.6 wt% P(DH-co-MA) and 10 wt% base flame-retardant system, the modified composites achieve a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 33.8 %, UL-94 V -0 rating, and a 30.2 % reduction in peak heat release rate (pk-HRR). Moreover, tensile strength, flexural modulus, and impact strength increase by 4.2 %, 5.5 %, and 17.4 %, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis and char residue characterization indicate that P(DH-co-MA) promotes interfacial char formation and gas-phase radical quenching, exhibiting a dominant gas-phase flame-retardant mechanism. This study offers a viable and efficient route for developing high-performance, interface-engineered flame-retardant polymer composites, achieving simultaneous improvements in mechanical robustness and fire safety at low additive levels. Notably, the DOPO-functionalized compatibilizer can be readily applied for surface-tailored sizing of glass fibers, enabling in situ modification without altering existing processing protocols.
研究领域:
聚合物复合材料
·
材料科学
·
阻燃技术
·
表面改性
·
热分析
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Sustainable Materials and Technologies
·
2026
·
IF 9.7
Yuying Yang,Hongjuan Wu,Meng Yao,Yumeng Cui,Yuxin Li,Liyong Wang,Jun Sun,Hongqiang Qu,Jianzhong Xu
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) aerogels with excellent environmental performance have been recognized as ideal materials to replace non-biodegradable polymer foams. However, due to their high flammability, their application scope is severely limited. Therefore, research addressing these shortcomings is essential. In this study, Schiff base structures were synthesized based on phosphazene rings rich in P and N elements and grafted with the highly effective flame retardant DOPO (9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide). The resulting product, denoted as HPDO, was incorporated into an aerogel system as a flame retardant. Notably, compared to pure PVA aerogel, the PVA composite aerogel with 10 parts HPDO flame retardant per hundred of PVA aerogel (PVA/HPDO 10) showed a 68.68% reduction in the peak heat release rate (PHRR) Furthermore, the PVA/HPDO composite aerogels had excellent resilience and fatigue resistance, retaining 82.48% of the original stress after 50 compression cycles at 80% compressive strain. What's more, composite aerogels also exhibit outstanding self-healing and recyclability, which offer new solutions for extending the service life of aerogels. Therefore, PVA/HPDO aerogels had great potential for practical applications due to their self-healing, recyclable, flame-retardant, excellent resilience, and fatigue resistance properties.
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2022
·Vol. 140
·期 9
·e53556
·
IF 3.057
Jiayi Lu,Liping Chen,Zhonglin Luo,Biaobing Wang
A compound containing phosphorus/nitrogen/sulfur (named as DOVNPT) was synthesized by the reaction of p-toluenesulfonamide, vanillin and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxo-10-phosphophenanthrene-10-oxide, and was adopted to prepare flame retardant epoxy resins (FREPs) using 4,4-diaminodiphenylmethane as the curing agent. The chemical structure of DOVNPT was verified using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, 1 H and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance. The influence of the DOVNPT content on the thermal stability, fire performance, combustion behaviors, transparency and mechanical properties of the FREPs was investigated in detail. The DOVNPT promoted the decomposition of EP on advance whilst lowered the maximum decomposition rate. With the incorporation of 4 wt% DOVNPT (0.49 wt% phosphorus content), the FREP-4 achieved a LOI value of 34.4% and a UL-94 V-0 rating. The FREP-4 also gave the lowest peak heat release rate, total heat release and total smoke release, with a reduction of 40.4%, 24.8%, and 28.6% as compared with the pure EP, respectively. The comprehensive analysis of the char residues and gaseous pyrolysis products demonstrated that the DOVPNT displayed good flame retardant effect in both gas phase and condensed phase. Simultaneously, the FREPs presented a comparable transparency and slightly improved mechanical properties as compared with the pure EP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 19
Kun Shi,Changsong Yu,Long Zhou,Zhangxian Chen,Zeheng Yang,Weixin Zhang
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based solid-state polymer electrolytes always suffer from their intrinsic flammability, limited Li + transfer, and the interfacial degradation induced by high-activity residual N , N -dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent. Herein, a 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO)-anchored PVDF-based solid-state electrolyte is synthesized by a two-step reaction involving PVDF dehydrofluorination and subsequent phosphorus-hydrogen addition. The covalent immobilization of DOPO on PVDF polymers endows the electrolyte with high flame retardancy while inhibiting phosphorus-associated reactions with lithium anodes. The alteration in polymer crystallinity and polarity significantly increases the relative permittivity of electrolyte and leads to a densely-interconnected spherulite network, facilitating the homogeneous Li + distribution and rapid transport. Remarkably, the DOPO-anchored polymers are involved in Li + solvation at the expense of DMF molecules, which effectively suppresses DMF decomposition on electrode surfaces and promotes formation of a robust anion-derived solid electrolyte interphase. The resultant polymer electrolyte demonstrates exceptional cycling stability, maintaining over 2500 h in symmetric lithium cell (0.1 mA cm −2 ) and 850 cycles in LiFePO 4 /Li cells (0.5 C) with 94.27% capacity retention. Furthermore, it enables stable operation in high-voltage LiNi 0.9 Co 0.05 Mn 0.05 O 2 /Li and practical pouch cells, while achieving high safety of batteries under abusive conditions. This work presents an innovative design in PVDF-based polymer electrolytes for safe and long-cycling solid-state lithium-ion batteries.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
·
高分子化学
·
能源存储
·
界面化学
·
电池安全
·
固态离子学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2023
·
IF 5.2
Boran Yang,Nannan Song,Zhongwei Chen,Yuan Yu,Zhiquan Chen,Feng Rong,Tingting Chen,Yong Guo,Kai Wang,Chao Feng,Juncheng Jiang
Manufacturing fire-resistant, tough, and durable epoxy resin (EP) is a challenging task. Traditional flame retardants derived from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) tend to aggregate and plasticize, causing a decline in glass transition temperature (T g ) and mechanical properties of EP. To overcome this issue, a bulky aromatic DOPO-based derivative called PPCANT was synthesized successfully using biomass-derived cinnamaldehyde (CA). The steric hindrance and intermolecular interactions (π-π stacking) of PPCANT's mitigated T g deterioration and significantly improved mechanical properties. Incorporating 5 wt% PPCANT into the EP (EP/PPCANT-5) achieved a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 32.6% and UL-94 V-0 rating, reducing both total heat release and smoke production. Moreover, PPCANT endowed the EP with exceptional char-forming ability. Analysis of the flame retardant mechanism indicated that the PPCANT structure imparted an ideal flame quenching mechanism, characterized by the instantaneous extinction of flames caused by the blowout of PO·/PO 2 radicals, and a dilution effect of free radicals from non-flammable gases. In addition, the incorporation of nitro and amino groups in PPCANT facilitates the formation of hydrogen bonds with the hydroxyl groups generated in the ring-opened EP, leading to a significant decrease in the hydrophilicity of EP. These findings highlight PPCANT as a promising flame retardant that simultaneously enhances flame retardancy, mechanical strength , and hydrophobicity in EP materials.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2025
·
IF 4.5
Yonghao Lv,Hongyan Li,Zhubao Shao,Zhiming Jiang
Cycloaliphatic epoxy resins exhibit excellent dielectric properties but are often harder to be flame retarded. To address this issue, a magnolol-derived active ester DDA was synthesized and employed to prepare flame-retardant cycloaliphatic epoxy resins through the intrinsic incorporation of a phosphaphenanthrene moiety (DOPO). Compared with anhydride MHHPA-cured resins, DDA demonstrated superior char-forming capability and enhanced the compactness of carbon residues. Under equivalent phosphorus loadings, the DDA-cured resin (CFDAP) exhibited a significantly higher limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 30.2 %, notably surpassing the 26.7 % LOI of the MHHPA-cured counterpart. CFDAP effectively achieved reductions of 44 % in peak heat release rate and 50 % in total heat release during combustion. Importantly, ether bonds instead of ester bonds in the main chain of CFDAP enhanced the thermal stability and tensile strength relative to MHHPA-cured system. The chemical integration of DOPO moiety further improved the dielectric properties of epoxy resins at high frequencies by increasing free volume within the matrix. Collectively, the active ester curing agent DDA enables simultaneous enhancements in flame retardancy, thermal stability, mechanical properties, and dielectric performance of epoxy resins, presenting an efficient strategy for designing advanced electronic packaging materials suitable for high-frequency and high-speed electronic communication.
研究领域:
高分子科学
·
材料工程
·
阻燃材料
·
介电材料
·
电子封装材料
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Applied Polymer Materials
·
2024
·
IF 4.4
Junhua Ding,Li Zhang,Yingke Zhu,Jinggang Wang,Zhenghong Guo,Zhengping Fang,Juan Li
A flame retardant containing two phosphonate structures (DOPO–DP) was synthesized by applying diphenylphosphinic chloride and 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-10-hydro-9-oxa-10-phosphazephenanthrene-10-oxide. The DOPO–DP was used to modify the flame retardancy of poly(ethylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate-co-ethylene terephthalate) containing (PEFT). DOPO–DP has a high flame-retardant efficiency in PEFT. The UL-94 V0 level is obtained by adding 7 wt % DOPO–DP into PEFT. The fire-retardant mode of action is melting away, which is induced by the plasticizing effect of DOPO–DP mainly. In addition, two chain extenders triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC) and 2,2′-(1,3-phenylene)-dioxazoline were applied to enhance the mechanical properties of PEFT. DOPO–DP deteriorates the mechanical properties of PEFT while coupling agents improve the bending and impact strength. While the chain expansion effect of TGIC competes with the plasticizing effect of DOPO–DP, excessive TGIC deteriorates the UL-94 rating of PEFT.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）