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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been demonstrated to be an effective substance for combating bacterial infections. Inspired by the biocatalytic ability of nanozymes in regulating ROS levels, nanozyme-based wound dressing with intelligent ROS mediating ability is a promising therapeutic strategy for combating bacterial infections in wounds. Herein, a hollow mesoporous nanocatalyst (Fe@HCMS) assembled with glucose oxidase (GOx) with multienzyme-mimicking activity was developed. The designed Fe@HCMS can effectively catalyze physiological levels of glucose into highly reactive hydrogen radicals via a self-triggered cascade reaction, which resulted in remarkable antibacterial ability. To address the limits of nanozymes in wound treating, a novel antibacterial wound dressing was fabricated by assembling the prepared nanocatalyst on the biosynthesized bacterial cellulose (BC) enveloped polypropylene (PP) composites. The BC layer on PP nonwoven fabrics was produced with PP serving as the scaffold in the culture medium for BC formation, which endowed the prepared dressing outstanding moisture retention ability. The nanozyme-based wound dressing possesses outstanding breathability, remarkable biocompatibility and bacteria inactivation ability, as well as could significantly inhibit the biofilm formation. Further, in vivo study demonstrated it can effectively promote wound healing caused by bacterial infections, which has a great potential for ROS mediated biocatalytic therapy.
Nanocrystalline cellulose (CNC) produced from waste paper by direct acid hydrolysis without any alkali or bleaching treatment was used to reinforce polyurethane elastomer (PU). By comparison, traditional cellulosic sources such as microcrystalline cellulose and waste cotton were also used to extract CNC and prepare polyurethane nanocomposites . The result showed that CNC extracted from waste paper had the largest aspect ratio, crystallinity and thermal stability. Three kinds of CNC all built interactions with polyurethane matrix through hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds . Amongst, polyurethane nanocomposites with CNC extracted from waste paper had the largest thermodynamic properties and stiffness. Briefly, CNC extracted from waste paper was comparable with CNC isolated from traditional cellulosic sources and could be used for stronger reinforcement of PU with lower cost. This work realized recycling of waste paper with a simple method and prepared a thermally resistant PU with low cost.
In this paper, the coupling agent of APTES was employed to improve the lubricating properties of hydrated HEC. The synergistic effect between APTES and HEC was analyzed by means of Raman, FT-IR, and optical observations. The lubricating properties of water, HEC, APTES, and APTES–HEC solutions were separately investigated by the tribological tests with Si 3 N 4 ball and textured Ti–6Al–4V. It was found that APTES can promote the interaction between HEC molecules, resulting in the formation of homogeneous films without clustering, while thickening the solutions. The APTES-enhanced HEC exhibits excellent lubrication behavior with minimal coefficient of friction, which decreases from 0.029 to 0.017 (down by 38%) as friction goes on. In addition, by measuring the wear loss of the balls, it was shown that the mixture of APTES and HEC provided the best anti-wear capability. The film thickness calculated by the Dowson–Hamrock theory matches the trend of the friction coefficient. However, when the friction velocity exceeds a threshold value, the theory is not applicable anymore. The SEM images detected the presence of two structures in the wear area, namely plow and asperity, and suggested two corresponding lubrication states. The hydrodynamic lubrication occurs within the plow. XPS results suggest that APTES can form Si–O–Ti via chemical reaction, which induces the adsorption of APTES–HEC chains onto the asperities of worn Ti–6Al–4V. The adsorption of APTES–HEC produces an adsorbed lubrication layer, which prevents direct contact between the asperities where boundary lubrication occurs. Graphical Abstract
This article deals with three cellulose-based fluorescent macromolecular sensors by introducing 1,8-naphthalimide fluorophore to cellulose . First, through the etherification reaction of cellulose with BrCH 2 CH 2 NH 2 , –NH 2 group–bearing cellulose CS 1 was obtained. Then, the –NH 2 group reacts with 4-bromo-1,8-naphthalic anhydride to synthesize a naphthalimide cellulose derivative ( CS 2 ). Finally, the recognition group was introduced by substituting Br atoms, and three cellulose fluorescent probes ( CS 3 , CS 4 , and CS 5 ) were obtained eventually. Structure and fluorescence properties of the macromolecular sensors were characterized and confirmed. Fluorescence detection measurements show that these probes can be used as selective and sensitive fluorescent sensors to 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP). The detection limits are 0.52 μM, 0.76 μM, and 0.81 μM, indicating good detection performance. This work provides a new method for the selective detection of TNP and also a method to enlarge the application scope of cellulose.
In the process of using cross-linking method to immobilize enzymes, cross-linker have a certain negative effect on immobilization efficiency. In this study, a magnetic dialdehyde cellulose (MDAC) was prepared by oxidizing hydroxyl groups in cellulose to aldehyde groups. The modified cellulose could be used for the immobilization of bacterial laccase without cross-linker. The morphology and structure of the MDAC–laccase complex (MDAC-L) confirmed that the laccase was immobilized on MDAC via -CHO in MDAC and -NH 2 in laccase. Under conditions of pH 4 and 45 °C, the maximum loading capacity of MDAC-L reached 210.74 mg/g, and relatively high enzyme activities maintained,. Compared with free laccase and immobilized laccase with glutaraldehyde , MDAC-L exhibited a wide pH range, temperature stability, reusability, and is suitable for long-term storage at low temperature. MDAC-L also improved the tolerance of free laccase to the presence of organic solvents , inhibitors and metal ions . Furthermore, the maximum saturation magnetization of MDAC-L was 34.07 emu/g, allowing for rapid magnetic separation. The relative activity of the immobilized laccase remained about 70% after 10 cycles of reuse. In addition, MDAC-L showed good decolorization performance when applied to crystal violet . Under the conditions of 45 °C and pH 6 for 21 h, the decolorization rate can reach about 90%. This study developed a novel cross-linking method for enzyme immobilization.
Multilayer nanocomposite film made of different materials has multifunctional properties and is applied in the field of flexible electronic devices. Herein, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) were used as the matrix and thermal conductivity material of the HEC/BNNS (HB) insulation layer and were combined with conductive blade structure graphene/silver nanowires (GA) film to prepare a three-layer HB/GA20/HB film. Using the high mechanical properties of the HEC based film, the tensile strength of the three-layer film is increased to 22.0 MPa, 633 % higher than that of the pure conductive film. The sensor prepared by multilayer film has good bending sensing performance (1500 cycles) and electromagnetic shielding performance (29.3 dB). The heating temperature of HB/GA20/HB film heater is up to 107.9 °C at 20 V. In the HB/GA20/HB film, the external HB layer provides insulation, thermal conductivity and physical support, and the internal GA layer with good conductive and sensing properties is combined to build a multi-functional sensor, which can be applied as a mobile sensor, heater and electromagnetic shielding material in the flexible wearable field.
Lightweight, flame retardant biomass aerogels combining with multi-functionalities are promising for thermal insulation, noise absorption and smart sensors. However, high flammability hinders the application of these aerogels in extreme condition. Herein, lightweight, flame retardant aerogel with fire-warning properties fabricated from resource-abundant graphite and green carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is reported. During sonicating expandable graphite (EG) in CMC solution, CMC not only fabricates the downsizing process via hydrogen bonding effect but also forms stable dispersions. Then biomass aerogel is fabricated by freeze-drying strategy and enhanced by metal ionic cross-linking method. This aerogel demonstrates Janus properties for electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity . Due to the synergistic flame retardant effect of graphite nanocomposite and metal ions with a barrier effect and catalytic carbonization capacity, the flame retardancy of these aerogels are enhanced with fire-warning properties. Furthermore, these aerogels are used for monitoring physical deformations as smart sensors, which provides inspiration and a sustainable solution for developing low-cost biomass aerogel with multifunction.
A sustainable functional bilayer film composed of gelatin hydrogel/ethyl cellulose was fabricated using a simple LBL casting method. The outer layer was hydrophobic ethyl cellulose (EC), while the inner layer was hydrophilic gelatin (GEL) hydrogel. Tannic acid (TA) served as a green cross-linker for GEL hydrogel preparation and as a reductant for AgNPs synthesis in-situ within the hydrogel network. Physicochemical and functional properties of the bilayer films containing different TA content were studied. When 3 wt% TA was added, the AgNPs@GT-3/EC bilayer film exhibited superior UV-light barrier, possessed desirable humidity-adjustable capability and oxygen barrier due to denser hydrogel network structure, and effectively inactivated foodborne pathogens S. aureus and E. coli with bacteriostatic rates of 99 %. The application results indicated that this bilayer film effectively maintained the postharvest quality of white button mushrooms and prolonged their shelf-life to 7 days under ambient storage, demonstrating its promising potential for fresh food packaging.
The inhomogeneous pore structure and lack of polar groups in lithium metal battery separators lead to uneven transport of Li + through the separator, the uneven flux of Li + , and eventually the formation of lithium dendrites. Therefore, to provide uniform Li + transport and inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites, a polydopamine-modified cellulose membrane (PDA-CM) was created by oxidative self-polymerizing dopamine and binding it to the surface and interface of the cellulose membrane through hydrogen bonds . The successful preparation of the PDA-CM separator by PDA-modified cellulose membrane by hydrogen bonds was proved by the FT-IR test. TGA, thermal shrinkage test, tensile strength test, FESEM, and porosity test results indicated that neither the PDA-CM nor the CM separators shrank at 160 °C, the PDA-CM separator also had better tensile strength (Stress = 31.1 MPa), and uniform pores (Porosity = 54.95 %) with homogeneous Li + flux. The polar functional groups (-NH- and -OH) in PDA improved the electrolyte uptake rate (Electrolyte uptake rate = 469.77 %), the electrolyte retention (Electrolyte retention = 409.04 %), and electrolyte wettability (Contact angle = 18.35°) of the separator and promoted the uniform distribution of Li + through the PDA-CM separator. In addition, the PDA-CM separator had better ionic conductivity (1.54 × 10 −3 S·cm −1 ) and lower impedance (849 Ω). The catechol on the PDA molecule created strong adhesion between the separator and the lithium metal, reduced the local tension on the surface of the lithium metal and inhibited dendrite growth. The lithium metal anode remained smooth after cycling. The lithium metal battery prepared by the PDA-CM separator showed decent cycle performance and remained a high capacity retention rate (90.48 %) after 100 cycles. This study provides a new solution for the modification of cellulose-based lithium metal battery separators, which can achieve uniform transmission of Li + , inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites, and improve battery performance.
Cellulose nanofibers are one of the most frequently used fillers for reinforcing hydrogels. The reinforcement, however, is commonly accompanied by the decrease of deformability. Inspired by the armor structured with overall flexible but locally rigid characteristics, we proposed a strategy of constructing chemical networks of bacterial cellulose (BC) in this work to improve the overall mechanical performance of hydrogels. The PAM hydrogels with borax-crosslinked BC nanofibers were prepared. The BC networks are multiscaled, and different levels of structures play different roles. As the flexible networks, the crosslinked BC endows the hydrogels with superior stretchability (7710%) and improves anticutting property as well as crack growth resistance. The crosslinks composed of boronic ester bonds act as “sacrificial bonds”, improving the fatigue resistance to the cyclic tensile with large strain (500%). The mechanical strength of the hydrogels is also significantly enhanced due to the reinforcement role of BC nanofibers. Moreover, the remained sodium ions and borate ions give the hydrogels good conductivity and decreased freezing point. Accordingly, the as-prepared flexible sensor has superior sensitivity (Gauge factor 10.1 for stretching) with satisfactory environmental adaptability. This work proposes an effective strategy of structural regulation for the cellulosic particle-containing hydrogel to improve the overall performance.
The physical and chemical properties of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were regulated by physical crosslinking with chitosan particles (CSp). At a fixed concentration (0.5 wt%) of CNC, varying CSp concentration (0.02–0.5 wt%) influenced the morphologies and chemical properties of the obtained complex particles (CNC-CSp). The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and zeta potential confirmed the electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions between CSp and CNC. At a low CSp concentration (0.02–0.05 wt%), the charge shielding effect induced the formation of particle aggregation networks, thus showing increased viscosity, turbidity and size (153.4–2605.7 nm). At a higher CSp concentration (0.1–0.5 wt%), the hydrogen bonding interaction promoted CSp adsorption onto the surface of CNC, thus facilitating the dispersion of CNC-CSp due to electrostatic repulsion caused by surface-adsorbed CSp. In addition, CSp improved the thermal stability, hydrophobicity (41.87–60.02°) and rheological properties of CNC. Compared with CNC, CNC-CSp displayed a better emulsifying ability and emulsion stability, in which CSp could play a dual role (i.e., charge regulator and stabilizer). This study suggests that introducing CSp can improve the properties and application potentials of CNC as food colloids.
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