POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2025
·
IF 7.4
Wen-Jie Jin,Bao-Ping Dong,Xian-Wei Cheng,Jin-Ping Guan,Shu-Sheng Xiong
A highly efficient and reactive flame retardant (FR) agent was developed and in situ self-polymerized on polyamide 6 (PA6) fabrics, yielding a durable and multifunctional textile. The FR agent, designated DOPO-pCA, was synthesized using bio-based p-coumaric acid and DOPO. The treated PA6 exhibited outstanding flame retardancy and anti-dripping performance, with a limiting oxygen index of 31.0% and a reduced damaged length of 12.3 cm. Cone calorimetry confirmed significant fire-safety improvements, with the peak heat release rate and total heat release reduced by 30.7% and 23.8%, respectively. The superior fire resistance should be attributed to the enhanced quenching effect of phenoxy and phosphoroxy radicals. Owing to its self-polymerization and reactivity, DOPO-pCA imparted durable FR functionality, with only slight deterioration observed after 30 laundering cycles. Moreover, the treated PA6 fabrics exhibited excellent resistance to UV resistance and antibacterial activity against S. aureus . The PA6 fabrics treated with 40 g/L DOPO-pCA achieved a high UV protection factor (UPF) of 52.4 and an antibacterial rate of 92.3%. Here, this work proposes a cleaner and novel strategy for developing durable and multifunctional PA6 fabrics.
研究领域:
高分子科学
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材料工程
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消防安全
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纺织化学
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生物基化学品
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2025
·
IF 2.8
Qinqin Luo,Yulin Sun
To leverage strong P/N synergistic effects to impart high flame retardancy to epoxy resin without compromising overall performance, a novel flame retardant, 6-(pyrimidin-2-ylamino)dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (DAP), was synthesized by forming a P–N bond between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-oxide (DOPO) and 2-aminopyrimidine. Its structure was confirmed by NMR and mass spectrometry. Non-isothermal DSC tests demonstrated that DAP acted as a co-curing agent with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylmethane for diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A and enhanced the curing rate. DAP significantly enhanced the flame retardancy of the epoxy resin at a low loading of 4 wt% (0.40 wt% phosphorus), achieving a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 32.1% and a UL-94 V-0 rating. It also reduced heat and smoke release. The results from dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and mechanical property tests showed that the epoxy resin containing 4 wt% DAP retained a glass transition temperature comparable to the neat resin, along with slight improvements in mechanical properties, including flexural strength and modulus, non-notched impact strength, and tensile strength. The analyses of UL-94, cone calorimetric test (CCT), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectroscopy (TGA/IR), and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) revealed that the flame-retardant mechanism involved both a condensed-phase char barrier and gas-phase quenching and dilution effects.
研究领域:
高分子科学
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材料化学
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消防安全工程
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阻燃材料
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热分析
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2019
·
IF 3.78
Qianqian Zhang,Shuang Yang,Jun Wang,Jianwen Cheng,Qiaoxin Zhang,Guoping Ding,Yefa Hu,Siqi Huo
A high-efficiency flame retardant composed of phosphaphenanthrene, benzothiazole and imidazole groups (PBI) was synthesized and served as flame retardant co-curing agent to reduce the fire hazard of epoxy resin (EP). The chemical structure of PBI was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high-resolution mass spectroscopy (HR-MS), 1 H and 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The curing behavior, thermal stability and flame retardant properties of the prepared EP systems were investigated. The curing behavior study disclosed that PBI accelerated the crosslinking reaction of EP and was chemically bonded with EP matrix to obtain intrinsic flame retardant thermoset . The resulting EP thermosets showed only slight decrease in glass transition temperature (T g ). The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicated both the catalytic decomposition and catalytic charring effects of PBI demonstrated by decreased thermal stability and enhanced charring capability of EP/DDS/PBI thermosets. The combustion test results showed remarkable improvement in the flame retardant properties of EP/DDS/PBI thermosets. When the phosphorus content was only 0.75 wt%, EP/DDS/PBI-0.75 thermoset achieved a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 34.6% and passed UL94 V-0 rating. Moreover, the peak of heat release rate (pk-HRR), average of heat release rate (av-HRR) and total heat release (THR) values were decreased by 48.7%, 31.1% and 28.3%, respectively, in comparison with those of the EP/DDS thermoset. The flame retardant effect of PBI on EP was attributed to the catalytic charring effect to form protective char layer in condensed phase and release of free radicals with quenching effect and nonflammable gases with diluting effect in gaseous phase.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2022
·Vol. 139
·期 44
·e53071
·
IF 3.057
Zihao Cheng,Wenzong Xu,Ding Ding,Chengwen Xu,Yunlong Xie,Mengxia Qiao
In this study, a nanofiller (M-DOPO-BN) was synthesized by surface modification of hexagonal boron nitride with vinyltrimethoxysilane (KH-171) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), and compounded with aluminum diethyl phosphinate (ADP) to study their effects on flame retardant, smoke suppression and thermal conductivity properties of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). The results showed that the composites with an ADP content of 20 parts per hundred of rubber (phr) have good flame retardant properties, but the total smoke production increased significantly. The flame retardant properties of SBR composites compounded with 3 phr M-DOPO-BN and 17 phr ADP were not only further improved, but also the peak carbon monoxide production rate (pCOP) and peak carbon dioxide production rate (pCO 2 P) were reduced by 37.0% and 67.5%, respectively, compared with pure samples, showing a good smoke inhibition effect. In addition, the thermal conductivity of the composites have also been improved to a certain extent. The variable temperature infrared and residual char analysis of SBR composites showed that the reasons for its flame retardancy and smoke suppression are that M-DOPO-BN can catalyze the formation of carbon, and the silica and boron nitride generated by decomposition during combustion can improve the density of residual char.
研究领域:
材料科学
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高分子科学
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消防安全工程
·
化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2023
·Vol. 140
·期 44
·e54608
·
IF 3
Song Wang,Lingchen Meng,Qi Chen,Sanxi Li,Ailing Zhang
The synthesis and application of the bio-derived flame retardant can meet the current requirements for the high-efficient and sustainable development of flame retardants. Therefore, using phytic acid (PA), 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), and piperazine as raw materials, a PA-derived flame retardant (PAPDOPO) was prepared. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction techniques were applied to characterize the structure of the PAPDOPO. In the prepared flame-retardant epoxy resin (FEP), PAPDOPO showed high flame retardancy. When 4% PAPDOPO was added into epoxy resin (EP), the prepared FEP (EP-PAPD-4) passed the V-0 level in the UL-94 test, and the limited oxygen index value of EP-PAPD-4 reached 35.3%. Microcombustion calorimetry test was also applied to demonstrate the performance of PAPDOPO. The peak heat release rate of EP-PAPD-4 was reduced by 30.4% compared with that of the pure EP. Due to the low addition amount of PAPDOPO in FEP, the mechanical properties of the FEP using PAPDOPO as flame retardant were hardly decreased compared with pure EP.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
·
高分子科学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2025
·Vol. 15
·期 48
·40789-40800
·
IF 4.6
Wei Zhang,Min Liu,Honghui Cheng,Jiafeng Di,Geng Huang,Hua Lai
The application of reactive macromolecular flame retardants in polymers is gaining increasing attention. In this study, the polymer PBOZ-DOPO was readily synthesized via nucleophilic addition between 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and a main-chain benzoxazine polymer (PBOZ). It was utilized as both a co-curing agent and polymeric flame retardant for epoxy resin, yielding epoxy thermosets designated as Pn, where n represented the phosphorus content in the cured polymers (n wt%). While all epoxy thermosets retained good transparency, the addition of PBOZ-DOPO reduced thermal stability, as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Fortunately, the macromolecular structure and the presence of active OH groups in PBOZ-DOPO helped alleviate the decline in glass transition temperature (Tg). When the phosphorus content was below 0.5 wt%, the Tg loss was less than 10 °C. PBOZ-DOPO imparted highly efficient flame retardancy to the epoxy resin. With a phosphorus content of only 0.3 wt%, the epoxy thermoset P3 achieved a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 34.1% and met the vertical burning (UL-94) V-0 rating. Cone calorimetry tests demonstrated a progressive decrease in heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke production (TSP) from P0 to P5. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy further revealed that the amount of graphitized carbon layers formed during combustion increased consistently from P0 to P5, supporting the enhanced flame-retardant performance. Tensile tests indicated that the incorporation of PBOZ-DOPO did not significantly compromise tensile strength or elongation at break, particularly in the case of P3. Overall, the results confirmed that PBOZ-DOPO was an excellent flame retardant with well-balanced properties for epoxy resin.
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYMERS
·
2025
·
IF 1.6
Xiao Han,Zhe Gao,Zipeng Wang,Ruidong Zheng,Rui Chen,Li Feng
An effective nitrogen-phosphorus synergetic flame-retardant additive was designed with nitrogen-rich 3,5-Diamino-1,2,4-triazole and DOPO. With the help of CCl4, CH2Cl2 and triethylamine, target product diamine-phosphaferrocene-oxide (DD) was successfully synthesized. Equipped with DD of 0.92 g, epoxy resin mould of 25 g succeeded in vertical combustion test with rating of UL-94 V-0. In respect of limiting oxygen index, the value of mould was improved to 32.5%. The introduction of DD also had a significant impact on other parameters during the combustion of EP. For instance, peak of heat release rate of EP/3.5%DD mould was 746 kW/m2, which was 70.2% of EP mould without flame retardants. Total heat release of EP/3.5%DD mould was also dramatically decreased. All these details demonstrated that DD performed effectively in test of fire resistance. Besides, mechanical strength of EP mould was also improved by DD, of which izod iMPact strength of EP/3.5%DD was dramatically increased to 33 kJm-2. Meanwhile, tensile strength and flexural strength of EP/3.5% DD was 99 MPa and 112 MPa, which was 119.2% and 128.7% of EP mould, respectively. In the end, SEM, IR, XPS and Raman was utilized to study the flame-retardant mode of DD.
研究领域:
高分子材料科学
·
阻燃化学
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材料力学
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分析化学
·
复合材料工程
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DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2026
·
IF 5.1
Yu Huang,Zhennan Wang,Guoping Zhu,Zongmin Zhu,Xuebao Lin
In this study, a novel DOPO-based phosphorus/nitrogen/sulfur-containing flame retardant, TPD, was successfully synthesized and incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) at a low loading of only 4 wt%. The results showed that EP/4% TPD achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating, and its limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased from 21.8% to 30.5%, demonstrating excellent flame-retardant efficiency. Cone calorimetry revealed that the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), total smoke production (TSP), and peak CO 2 release were reduced by 29.2%, 37.5%, 19.8%, and 23.0%, respectively, compared with neat EP, indicating a reduced fire hazard. Meanwhile, the incorporation of TPD enhanced the tensile strength and impact strength of EP by 10.6% and 76.4%, respectively. Furthermore, EP/4% TPD exhibited outstanding ultraviolet shielding performance in the 200–420 nm range while maintaining a certain level of visible light transmittance, along with improved resistance to acid and alkali and enhanced electrical insulation properties. These results demonstrate that TPD is a highly efficient multifunctional additive that simultaneously provides flame retardancy, mechanical reinforcement and toughening, UV shielding, corrosion resistance, and improved electrical insulation, offering a promising new approach for the development of high-performance epoxy resin composites.
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DOI
高影响因子
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
·
2022
·
IF 4.966
Yixiang Xu,Junjie Wang,Wenbin Zhang,Siqi Huo,Zhengping Fang,Pingan Song,Dong Wang,Hao Wang
In this work, a P/N-derived flame retardant (DOPO-BNM) was synthesized using 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), 2-aminobenzimidazole, and 3-nitrobenzaldehyde as raw materials. The effects of DOPO-BNM on the flame retardancy, and thermal and mechanical performances of epoxy resin (EP) were comprehensively investigated. With the introduction of 8 wt% DOPO-BNM, the EP/8% DOPO-BNM sample passed a V-0 classification in vertical burning (UL-94) test, and its limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased to 32.5%. In comparison to the EP sample, the EP/8% DOPO-BNM sample exhibited 13.0%, 28.8%, 17.5%, 47.9% and 34.5% reductions in the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE), total smoke production (TSP) and average effective heat of combustion (AEHC), demonstrating its enhanced fire safety. Furthermore, the char residue of EP/8% DOPO-BNM sample was increased by 41.2% relative to that of EP sample in the cone calorimetry test. During burning, DOPO-BNM mainly reduced the burning degree of volatiles, and also promoted the char formation. Additionally, DOPO-BNM slightly decreased the glass-transition temperature ( T g ) of EP thermoset , while it remained the mechanical performances. In summary, the addition of DOPO-BNM not only effectively enhanced the fire safety of epoxy thermoset, but also maintained the thermal and mechanical properties .
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2024
·
IF 13.3
Zhenye Fu,Zirui Ma,Jiuhong Liu,Chunhui Li,Chuanmei Liu,Qidong Wang,Liang Song,Qing Yu,Guiqing Cheng,Yuxi Han,Hailong Liu,Zhongwei Wang
In the pursuit of epoxy thermosets with low dielectric properties and excellent flame retardancy, the 2- (diphenylphosphino)-1,4-benzenediol active ester (DPO-HQ-AE). and 10-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide active ester (DOPO-HQ-AE) were synthesized as bifunctional phosphorus-containing active ester flame retardants. The molecular structures of DPO-HQ-AE and DOPO-HQ-AE were characterized by MS, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, 31 P NMR and FTIR. The flame retardancy, thermal stability, crosslink density, water absorption and dielectric properties of active ester cured dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) epoxy resins were investigated. DCPD/DPO-HQ-AE with a phosphorus content of 0.9 wt% passed the UL-94 V-0 test. Meanwhile, DCPD/DOPO-HQ-AE containing 1.2 wt% phosphorus achieved a V-0 rating. DPO-HQ-AE and DOPO-HQ-AE showed noticeable gas-phase flame-retardant mechanism with active phosphorus species in the gas phase of pyrolysis. At the frequency of 1 GHz, the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of DCPD/DPO-HQ-AE-0.9 were 2.67 and 0.0042, respectively. Compared with the unmodified epoxy resin , the dielectric loss was reduced by approximately 5.5 times. The as-prepared epoxy thermosets with high thermal stability, excellent flame retardancy, low dielectric properties and low water absorption satisfied the requirements of high-speed and high-frequency encapsulation materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
电气工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ChemSusChem
·
2021
·Vol. 14
·期 9
·2056-2066
·
IF 8.928
Jijun Wang,Xuelin Li,Jianbo Yang,Weigang Sun,Qing Ban,Ligang Gai,Yingying Gong,Zhen Xu,Libin Liu
Graphical Don't get burned : By utilizing the active P−H bond of a flame retardant, an organic gel electrolyte is fabricated. The ion transport mechanism in the electrolyte is proposed. The electrolyte has good low-temperature tolerance, mechanical properties, and flame retardancy. The gel electrolyte-assembled supercapacitor can work normally in the temperature range of −20 to 60 °C. Traditional liquid electrolytes are volatile, flammable, and easy to leak, which makes the energy storage device easy to burn and explode in the case of overcharge and short circuit. Here, by utilizing the active P−H bond of a flame retardant (DOPO) to graft onto the polymer chain, flame-retardant organic gel electrolytes were fabricated to address these issues. The gel electrolyte had good ionic conductivity of 4 mS cm −1 at 20 °C and good flame retardant ability. By changing the molar ratio of the monomers and the salt concentrations, the mechanical strength of the gel electrolyte could be adjusted (maximum stress≈28 KPa, maximum strain≈305 %). The transport mechanism of lithium ions in the gel polymer electrolyte was proposed. The gel electrolyte-assembled supercapacitor (SC) possessed better electrochemical properties than that of SC assembled by liquid electrolyte. Importantly, the gel-based SC remained basically unchanged under multiple bending cycles. Additionally, the gel electrolyte had good low-temperature tolerance (0.1 mS cm −1 at −40 °C). The gel electrolyte-assembled SC could work normally in the temperature range of −20 to 60 °C. The multiple advantages of gel electrolyte expand the applications in ionic conductor and energy storage devices.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
·
能源存储
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
·
2025
·
IF 5.1
Lu Li,Yongming Chen,Mengting Wei,Mingyuan Yang,Jiexiang Ren,Richeng Lian,Bifan Guo,Birong Zeng,Yiting Xu,Conghui Yuan,Lizong Dai
Epoxy resin is widely used in modern industry, however, its inherent flammability and susceptibility to aging limit its applications. Based on molecular structure design, a fluorinated bismaleimide was first synthesized as the key intermediate. Subsequently, through the highly reactive addition between the P H bond of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and the maleimide double bonds, a novel epoxy modifier (BMFP) was successfully synthesized, which simultaneously exhibited both excellent ultraviolet (UV) shielding performance and better flame retardancy. The resulting modifier demonstrated good compatibility with epoxy resin. Notably, as the addition amount increased, the epoxy composites not only maintained excellent optical transparency but also exhibited better UV-shielding efficiency and flame retardancy. When the BMFP addition amount reached 8 wt%, the epoxy composite achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating with a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 31 %. In addition, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) were reduced by 21.1 % and 20.3 %, respectively, compared to neat EP. Additionally, the UV-shielding efficiency showed a 93.4 % enhancement relative to the unmodified epoxy matrix. In addition, the presence of -CF 3 in the modifier effectively improved the dielectric and surface hydrophobicity properties of the epoxy composites, reducing dielectric loss by 31.3 % and increasing the water contact angle from 97.2° to 108.2°.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子科学
·
化学工程
·
消防安全工程
·
电气工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）