INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
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2025
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IF 8.5
Hong Zhang,Xin Zhang,Bo Wang,Bo Ren,Xiaodong Yang
Food spoilage leads to plenty of food being wasted every year. Safe and multifunctional food preservation packaging is urgently required to prevent food from contamination. Chitosan/gallic acid/Fe 3+ (CSGA-Fe 3+ ) composite films were synthesized by incorporating gallic acid (GA) and Fe 3+ into a chitosan solution. The integration of GA forms covalent and hydrogen bonds with chitosan, whereas Fe 3+ addition establishes metal-ligand interactions with both chitosan and GA, resulting in a film characterized by a multi-crosslinked network structure. This multi-crosslinked system substantially enhanced the material's mechanical properties and increased resistance to oxidation and ultraviolet degradation. The data indicate that the mechanical strength of chitosan/gallic acid (CSGA) films, with an inclusion of 0.3 mmol of GA, improved by 37.5 % over pure chitosan (CS) films. Moreover, the mechanical strength of the CSGA-Fe 3+ films saw a significant increase of 124.2 %, escalating from 1.32 MPa to 17.72 MPa. Additionally, the free radical scavenging capacities of the CSGA and CSGA-Fe 3+ films rose by 279.4 % and 255.0 %, respectively, compared to the pure CS film. The UV-blocking efficacy of the CSGA-Fe 3+ films, evaluated at 365 nm, reached 84.9 %. The water contact angle of the CSGA-1.5Fe 3+ film increased by 18.08 % compared to the CS film. This study provides innovative ideas to promote the broader application of safe and multifunctional chitosan-based composite films in food preservation packaging.
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Food Bioscience
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2026
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IF 6.2
Hongyu Jiang,Enhao Yao,Naihui Dong,Yisong Jia,Yingxi Chen,Yiwei Dai,Beiwei Zhu,Sufang Zhang
In this study, gelatin films incorporated with gallic acid (GA) were applied to retard the quality deterioration of fish fillets, and ultrasound treatments were employed to enhance the preservation efficacy. Results demonstrated that ultrasound-assisted coating treatment enabled the fillets to meet stricter processing standards (TVB-N < 15 mg/100 g) within 5 days. Specifically, TVB-N values decreased from 27.07 mg/100 g in the control group to 14.47, 11.20, and 10.27 mg/100 g under ultrasound powers of 60, 120, and 240 W, respectively. Furthermore, ultrasound treatment resulted in a more than threefold increase in GA migration, contributing to preservation performance with improved antibacterial activity. Synergy values against Psychrobacter sanguinis , a representative spoilage microorganism on snakehead, were 2.84 for US + 2 mg/mL GA and 4.20 for US + 3 mg/mL GA, respectively, demonstrating a pronounced synergistic effect. Meanwhile, the characterization of the composite material provided crucial insights into the effects of ultrasound, including the enhanced water barrier capacity and mechanical strength. This improvement was attributed to cavitation-induced exposure of hydrophobic groups, as confirmed by the increase in water contact angle from 54.1° to a maximum of 75.1°. Spectroscopic analyses revealed that ultrasound facilitated interactions and increased the crystallinity of the film matrix. However, excessive ultrasound treatment (240 W) led to disordered microstructures and damaged physical properties of films. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for expanding the application of ultrasound technology in food preservation, with enhanced efficacy while minimizing potential adverse effects.
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JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
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2026
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IF 4.6
Zheng-Yun He,Jun Xiang,Xing-Zi Ding,Qing-Qing Luo,Hui-Wen Gu,Xiao-Li Yin
This study investigated the distribution of signature components in renowned Chinese green teas to develop a method for authenticity identification. By employing high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) coupled with the alternating trilinear decomposition (ATLD) algorithm, a second-order calibration model was constructed that effectively addressed the challenge of co-elution peaks in complex tea matrices. The method demonstrated satisfactory accuracy, with spiked recoveries ranging from 93.5% to 119.6% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 1.10% for all analytes. Using the established ATLD-enhanced HPLC method, a quantitative analysis of ten major components in 37 Chinese green teas was conducted, and their distribution patterns were visualized. Based on these quantitative results, multivariate statistical analysis methods, principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were subsequently employed to effectively utilize the data for authenticity discrimination concerning the geographical origin, variety, and grade of the teas. The results revealed that characteristic components varied significantly with tea origin, variety, and grade, enabling the authenticity identification of green tea. These findings not only confirm the efficacy of key catechins for authenticity identification but also establish an analytical strategy for quality evaluation, providing a powerful framework for industrial quality control and origin verification.
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COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
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2026
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IF 5.4
Chao Wang,Hongyuan Du,Luming Jin,Chaoyang Chen,Liang Bu,Ya Cheng,Wendong Zhu
Multi-level physical crosslinks build a hierarchical energy dissipation system. • Synergy of PVA domains and dynamic weak bonds balances strength and toughness. • PSGGZ hydrogel reaches 2.13 MPa stress, 539.75% strain, and 574.22 kJ/m 3 toughness. • It exhibits high gauge factor (8.09) and fast responsiveness (38.3 ms) for sensing. Hydrogels represent an important class of intelligent soft materials with wide applications in tissue engineering, flexible sensors, and drug delivery systems. However, their practical deployment has long been severely constrained by the inherent trade-off among mechanical strength, toughness, and ionic conductivity. Herein, a hierarchical energy dissipation system is chosen to construct a hierarchical multi-level physical crosslinking network hydrogel that simultaneously breaks the above performance trade-off. The robust semi-crystalline domains of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) serve as a rigid backbone to endow the hydrogel with high mechanical strength, while reversible weak interactions including zirconium-oxygen coordination clusters, borate ester bonds, and hydrogen bonds act as sacrificial bonds to dissipate energy efficiently, thus achieving excellent toughness. The stress, strain, elastic modulus and toughness of the optimal hydrogel reach 2.13 MPa, 539.75%, 0.20 MPa, and 5.742 MJ/m 3 , respectively. Simultaneously, the hydrated polymer network enables rapid dissociation and migration of mobile ions, giving the hydrogel prominent strain-responsive conductivity required for sensing applications. The ionic conductivity reaches 2.74 S/m, and the gauge factor is calculated to be 3.79 and 8.09 in the strain ranges of 0–155% and 155%–528%, respectively. Benefiting from the fast dynamic reversibility of the physical network, the response and recovery times are as short as 38.3 ms and 21.9 ms, respectively, endowing the hydrogel with outstanding strain sensing and human motion monitoring capabilities. This work provides a universal design strategy to overcome the mechanical bottleneck of PVA-based hydrogels, paving the way for advanced wearable sensor applications. Download: Download high-res image (246KB) Download: Download full-size image
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JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
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2025
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IF 6.2
Chaoran Yang,Caoyu Guo,Boyan Gao,Yuge Niu,Liangli Yu
Protein–polysaccharide–polyphenol ternary complexes could be used to prepare a food-grade Pickering emulsion. However, the mechanism by which polyphenols improve the emulsifying ability of fibrous proteins and polysaccharide complexes is still unclear. In this study, we prepared a complex of gallic acid (GA)-grafted pectin (pectin-GA) and whey protein nanofibers (WPF) to explore the mechanism of GA that improves the emulsification properties of the complex. The results indicate that GA hinders the orderly arrangement of pectin chains and exposes more hydrophobic groups of WPF in the complex. Under the action of GA groups, pectin and WPF transformed from a bundle-like fiber aggregation network to a disordered, intertwined network. These changes enhanced the interfacial wettability of the complex, forming a tighter continuous network around the oil droplets, thereby improving the stability of the emulsion. The findings provide new perspectives on the mechanism by which polyphenols regulate the emulsifying capacity of polysaccharide–protein complexes.
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ACS Applied Nano Materials
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2026
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IF 5.8
Jiujiang Zeng,Yingying Liu,Haiyang Pan,Guifei Li,Jia Zhao,Yanli Song
Given that 30% to 80% of sepsis is related to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), scavenging LPS while exerting strong anti-inflammatory functions is of great significance. In the present study, a nanoparticle assembled from CeO2, ulinastatin (UTI), and gallic acid (GA). This nanoparticle can not only immediately bind with LPS to reduce LPS concentration but can also continuously exert the action of phosphatase to realize the dephosphorylation of LPS, which is named as nanotrap (NTp). NTp that can capture and inactivate LPS will block the binding of LPS to TLR4 receptors in cells, thereby limiting the subsequent inflammatory storm. In addition, NTp with the content of 500 μg/mL can eliminate over ∼50% of H2O2 within 60 min while generating O2, indicating its CAT mimetic-enzyme activity. At the same time, UTI in NTp plays a role in reducing inflammation. NTp promotes M2 polarization of macrophages and inhibits TLR4/NF-κB expression and inflammation in vivo, exhibiting a well-performed therapeutic effect on mice with LPS-induced sepsis, including a significantly lower mortality rate and organ damage repair.
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FOOD CHEMISTRY
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2026
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IF 10.4
Xingxing Zeng,Dongnan Zhang,Simin Chen,Xiaozi Huang,Zhenxia Zhao,Xin Li,Baoyu Liu
Rapid and accurate detection of bioactive phenolic compounds in food is crucial for assessing nutritional value and ensuring quality. Gallic acid (GA) is a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound found in plant-based foods such as grapes, mangoes, and tea leaves. It possesses significant antioxidants, antibacterial, and anticancer properties, making it a key target in research on food nutrition and functional components. However, many sensors are limited by slow surface dynamics, so the development of advanced sensing materials is a great challenge. In this study, a high specific surface area MEL zeolite (MEL) is prepared (471.24 m 2 g −1 ) and complexed with highly conductive Ag species and two-dimensional MXene nanosheets (MXene) to construct a novel screen-printed sensing platform (MXene/Ag/MEL/chitosan (CS)/screen-printed electrode (SPE). The novel sensor notably possessed excellent GA detection performance, exhibiting an extremely low limit of detection (LOD = 0.5 μM) and a wide detection range (1 μM-50 mM). Further, a portable GA sensing system is prepared by integrating the above screen-printed platform with miniaturized circuits, which showed similar analytical results to the standard high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method (the recovery rate ranges from 95.75% to 97.93%). This work not only presents advanced sensing material but also provides a practical and convenient platform for rapid food analysis and dietary assessment.
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Frontiers in Immunology
·
2026
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IF 7
Zenni Chen,Zifeng Zhuang,Shaozi Lin,Yuting Hao,Xiaokang Xie,Hongling Chen,Lan Lin,Yixuan Li,Lili Fan,Shiquan Chang,Guoping Zhao,Di Zhang
BackgroundSciatica causes severe pain and impaired mobility. Neuroinflammation is involved in the development of sciatica.PurposeThis study aimed to explore whether Gallic acid (GA) reduces neuroinflammation to relieve sciatica by regulating NOX4-mediated oxidative stress.MethodsAfter scRNA-seq analysis was performed, 32 SD (Sprague-Dawley) rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham operation, chronic constriction injury (CCI), CCI+mecobalamin, and CCI+GA groups. We conducted behavioral tests, ELISA, western blotting, and immunofluorescence analysis. In cell experiments, we conducted ROS measurement, flow cytometry, PCR, and western blotting.ResultsscRNA-seq analysis revealed that gene signatures related to the “inflammatory response” and “oxidative stress” were significantly enriched, with higher module scores observed specifically in M1 macrophages. In RAW264.7 cells, LPS stimulation significantly increased ROS generation and MDA levels and upregulated the expression of M1 macrophage markers, including IL-1β, iNOS, TNF-α, and CD32. In addition, LPS increased the protein expression of NOX4 and inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IBA-1, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS) while reducing the levels of ATF4 and p-Nrf2. GA treatment reduced ROS generation and MDA levels; downregulated the mRNA expression of IL-1β, iNOS, TNF-α, and CD32; and increased CD206 mRNA expression. Similarly, GA decreased the protein levels of NOX4, TNF-α, IBA-1, IL-1β, COX-2, and iNOS but restored the expression of ATF4 and p-Nrf2. In CCI rats, GA significantly attenuated thermal hyperalgesia from Day 7 to Day 21, with thermal withdrawal thresholds recovering toward sham control levels. CCI markedly increased IL-8, COX-2, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-1β levels in the sciatic nerve; increased IBA-1/CD32 coexpression; decreased IBA-1/CD206 coexpression; and markedly disrupted sciatic nerve architecture. These pathological changes were accompanied by elevated expression of IBA-1, NOX4, IL-1β, and iNOS, together with reduced ATF4 and p-Nrf2 levels. Notably, GA treatment largely reversed these CCI-induced alterations.ConclusionGA alleviated sciatica in a rat model, possibly through its ability to promote the polarization of proinflammatory M1 macrophages toward anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages via the regulation of NOX4-mediated oxidative stress.
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JOURNAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY
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2026
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IF 15
Han Zhiqiang,Chen Qiao,Duan Xinmei,He Zhigui,Mou Nianlian,Cao Yu,Ou Yangsipei,He Houhua,Zhang Can,Yang Xu,Qu Kai,Zhang Kun,Malashicheva Anna,Zhong Yuan,Li Chuanwei,Fu Li,Wang Guixue,Wu Wei
Atherosclerotic plaques are characterized by oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, which amplify each other in a vicious cycle, leading to progressive plaque destabilization and ultimately serious cardiovascular events. Therefore, the development of nanoformulations with synergistically enhanced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and effective aggregation in plaques is ideal. In this study, we prepared a gallic acid (GA)-cerium metal polyphenol nanoconjugate (GA-Ce, GC) through cerium ions-mediated oxidative coupling of GA, followed by functionalization of its surface with a phosphatidylserine (PS)-binding peptide (GC-PS, GCP), and subsequent encapsulation with a P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1)-overexpressing endothelial cell membrane (PEM) to harvest a biomimetic PEM@GCP nanozyme. The in vitro results showed that PEM@GCP could effectively scavenge free radicals, promote macrophage differentiation to the M2 phenotype, reduce the content of proinflammatory cytokines, inhibit lipid peroxidation, and inhibit apoptosis with cytoprotective functions. In the atherosclerotic mouse model, compared with the control, PSGL-1-based PEM@GCP resulted in a 4.04-fold greater accumulation in plaque lesions. Through its synergistic anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, it effectively blocks the vicious cycle of inflammation-oxidative stress, thereby significantly ameliorating the pathological microenvironment and leading to a substantial 71.3% reduction in the plaque area. These studies elucidate the therapeutic potential of a biomimetic metal-polyphenol nanozyme in the treatment of atherosclerosis, demonstrating its potential as a promising candidate for clinical translation. Graphical
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
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2022
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IF 8.025
Wei Gong,Ran Wang,Haibo Huang,Yiyang Hou,Xinchuang Wang,Wanying He,Xiaojie Gong,Jiangning Hu
Gallic acid (GA) has attracted extensive attention due to its excellent health benefits. Our recent work demonstrated that GA could be self-assembled into hydrogels. However, the poor mechanical properties and rapid degradation of GA hydrogels presented challenges for further applications. In this study, agarose (AG), a water-soluble polysaccharide, was used with GA to develop a double network hydrogel (GA-AG). Physical and chemical tests demonstrated that the GA-AG hydrogel at ratio of 4:5 had the highest cross-linked structure, along with excellent porosity, good water retention and a swelling ratio of 9.72 %. In addition, the cross-linked network structure enabled the GA-AG hydrogel to have good mechanical properties and better viscosity than the pure GA hydrogel. The glass transition temperature of the GA-AG hydrogel increased from 59.49 °C to 65.54 °C, while its disintegration rate decreased from 99.07 % to 64.37 % within 48 h. In vitro tests showed that the GA-AG hydrogel had excellent antibacterial activity and biocompatibility. Meanwhile, we demonstrated that this double network hydrogel significantly reduced inflammation and accelerated wound healing in vivo . From the results of our study, we expect that this stable GA-AG double network hydrogel has potential applications in wound healing.
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FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL
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2021
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IF 6.475
Yan Shen,Chao Guo,Ting Lu,Xu-Yang Ding,Man-Tong Zhao,Min Zhang,Hui-Lin Liu,Liang Song,Da-Yong Zhou
The most effective composite antioxidants for DHA algae oil were optimized by combining the selected gallic acid (GA) alkyl ester with other commonly used antioxidants. Results of Rancimat induction time, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, and free radical generation indicated that octyl gallate (OG) was the best one in DHA algae oil among GA alkyl esters with various chain lengths. Therefore, OG was used to combine other antioxidants (antioxidant of bamboo leaves, rosemary extract, tea polyphenols, tea polyphenol palmitate (TPP), ascorbyl palmitate, vitamin E, phytic acid and phospholipid) for further improving the oxidative stability of DHA algae oil. The combination of OG + TPP showed the best antioxidant effect among the composite antioxidants of two and three components. Through optimization of mixture ratio, the combination of 53.20 mg/kg OG + 360 mg/kg TPP demonstrated the best antioxidant capacity, which prolonged the shelf life of DHA algae oil by 4.24 folds.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
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2020
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IF 5.162
Guoguang Zhang,Chenmin Zheng,Bingqing Huang,Peng Fei
In this study, native pectin (Na-Pe) was acylated with gallic acid through enzymatic method. UV–Vis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton NMR analyses demonstrated that the phenolic hydroxyl group on gallic acid attacked the carbomethoxy of Na-Pe and replaced the methoxy group to form a new ester group under catalysis. The galloyl content of acylated pectin prepared via 24-h reaction (Ac1-Pe) was 16.8%, while that prepared via 48-h reaction (Ac2-Pe) reached 20.7%. The emulsifying properties, antioxidation activities and antibacterial activities of acylated pectin was significantly improved compared with those of Na-Pe. The emulsion activity and emulsion stability of the pectin emulsion improved from 1.08% and 56.13% (Na-Pe) to 1.57% and 88.27% (Ac1-Pe) and 1.71% and 93.3% (Ac2-Pe), respectively. The DPPH clearance of the pectin improved from 2.68% (Na-Pe) to 68.92% (Ac1-Pe) and 76.98% (Ac2-Pe) and the inhibition ratio in the β-carotene bleaching assay of the pectin increased from 3.15% (Na-Pe) to 73.02% (Ac1-Pe) and 78.96% (Ac2-Pe). The inhibition rate of the pectin against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus also improved from 2.93% and 8.92% (Na-Pe) to 26.95% and 42.18% (Ac1-Pe) and 31.56% and 47.87% (Ac2-Pe), respectively.
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