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JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE · 2026 · IF 9.6

Engineering an S-scheme Bi2O2S/boron nitride heterojunction with dual-channel charge transfer for superior photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine

Xing Dai,Lijie Duan,Chaozhong Wang,Feng Qian,Linghao Kong,Bohan Jia,Kongna Wu,Yonghui Song

Bi 2 O 2 S/BN heterojunction: carbamazepine (CBZ) photodegradation. • Built-in electric field promotes spatial charge separation and migration. • Dual •OH/O 2 •− channels selectively attack distinct reactive sites in CBZ. • Bi 2 O 2 S/BN removes 93.4% of CBZ with a 4.7-fold rate enhancement. • Catalyst remains robust in real waters and reduces overall toxicity. The persistent and ecotoxic pharmaceutical carbamazepine (CBZ) poses a significant threat to aquatic environments. Although semiconductor photocatalysis offers a green solution, its efficiency is often hindered by rapid charge recombination and limited light absorption. In this study, we reported the rational design and construction of an S-scheme dibismuth oxysulfide/boron nitride (Bi 2 O 2 S/BN) heterojunction through intimate interfacial coupling between Bi 2 O 2 S and BN. This strategic integration induced strong interfacial electron coupling, resulting in a built-in electric field that regulated interfacial band bending and facilitated spatial charge separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, as unequivocally validated by experimental characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The optimized Bi 2 O 2 S/BN heterojunction achieved 93.4% ± 0.1% CBZ removal within 120 min, with an apparent rate constant of 0.0155 ± 0.0001 min −1 , representing a 4.7-fold enhancement over pristine Bi 2 O 2 S. Notably, beyond conventional activity improvement, this system established spatially partitioned redox sites via work-function-driven charge redistribution, enabling a dual-channel oxidative pathway that selectively targeted distinct electrophilic and nucleophilic sites of the CBZ molecule. This molecular-level reaction matching distinguished the proposed system from previously reported CBZ photocatalysts, which primarily relied on indiscriminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) oxidation. This study reports a highly effective and stable photocatalyst for remediating persistent pollutants. Additionally, it provides mechanistic insights into interfacial charge regulation and charge-transfer dynamics in heterojunction systems, offering a valuable blueprint for designing advanced photocatalytic systems for practical environmental applications. Download: Download high-res image (404KB) Download: Download full-size image

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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL · 2026 · IF 12.5

Elucidating the multi-channel activation mechanism of an N/S-doped biochar/peracetic acid system for sulfonamide antibiotic degradation

Enxiu Liu,Jing Zhao,Shixuan Wang,Yanzhuo Zhang,Xueting Song,Jinghua Lv,Xiaozhuan Zhang,Jianbiao Peng,Alexandr V. Bildyukevich

N/NS co-doping boosts PAA activation, removing 97.5% sulfonamides in 30 min. • EPR and electrochemistry verify dual-channel degradation dominated by 1 O 2 . • DFT confirms 1 O 2 -induced N-S scission and ring opening mitigate toxicity. • DOM-antibiotic complexation negligibly impacts degradation efficiency. Element-doped biochar has emerged as an effective catalyst for activating peracetic acid (PAA) toward antibiotic degradation. However, the electron transfer processes occurring at the biochar interface remain insufficiently understood. In this study, N-doped biochar (NBC) and N/S co-doped biochar (NSBC) are employed to efficiently degrade sulfonamide antibiotics through PAA activation. Active sites, including pyridinic N, thiophene S, and graphitic defects, synergistically promote PAA activation, preferentially generating singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) accompanied by •OH and O 2 •− . Radical and non-radical pathways operate simultaneously, resulting in an average removal efficiency of 97.45% for the target sulfonamides within 30 min. Quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance, and electrochemical analyses collectively confirm the dual-pathway activation mechanism. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with density functional theory calculations reveals that the main transformation pathways involve S N bond cleavage, aromatic ring opening, and hydroxylation reactions. Toxicity prediction and plant growth assays further demonstrate a significant reduction in the overall toxicity of the degradation intermediates. In addition, dissolved organic matter released during the biochar reaction process forms complexes with sulfonamide antibiotics, although these interactions are insufficient to substantially affect antibiotic degradation efficiency. Overall, this study not only elucidates the multi-channel activation mechanism of the NBC/NSBC-PAA system but also provides experimental support for the practical application of biochar-based catalytic systems in water purification. Download: Download high-res image (110KB) Download: Download full-size image

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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY · 2026 · IF 4.6

Synergistic Multivalent States and Oxygen Vacancies in W/S Codoped Bi2O4 Oxysulfide for Enhanced Pollutant Reduction under Dark Conditions

Haoyu Wang,Kening Xiang,Cuizhu Li,Tao Liu,Dasong Dai,Yared Daniel Reta,Dongfang Lu,Yiqiang Liao,Jinguo Lin,Xiaoyun Chen

Conventional photocatalytic systems rely on light irradiation to activate catalytic reactions, which significantly limits their practical applicability under real environmental conditions. Herein, a W/S codoped Bi2O4 oxysulfide (WBiOS) is developed for pollutant reduction under dark conditions. By introducing the W cation and S anion, the electronic structure of Bi2O4 is reconstructed, accompanied by the formation of abundant oxygen vacancies (Ov) and dual Bi3+/5+ and W4+/6+ redox couples. The Bi3+/5+ and W4+/6+ species establish efficient electron-transfer pathways, while the Ov acts as an electron-trapping center and active sites, thereby accelerating electron transport and surface reaction kinetics. Benefiting from these synergistic effects, optimized WBiOS-2 with n(Bi3+)/n(Bi3+ + Bi5+) (39.46%) and n(W4+)/n(W4+ + W6+) (30.64%) exhibits the largest electrochemically active surface area (1.87 mF cm–2). It achieves complete reduction of 100 mL of 20 ppm 4-nitrophenol, methylene blue, nitro compounds, and Cr(VI) within 16, 8, 6, and 14 min, respectively, using NaBH4 as the reducing agent, with corresponding kinetic rate constants of 0.17, 0.13, 0.18, and 0.19 min–1, respectively. WBiOS-2 demonstrates sustained performance toward mixed pollutants across a wide pH range and maintains structural stability during cyclic operation. This work provides a promising strategy for the design of oxysulfide catalysts for environmental remediation.

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JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS · 2026 · IF 10.6

Carbon‑sulfur metabolic shift in sludge anaerobic digestion system induced by bisphenol S: Interfacial behavior and microbial network restructuring

Qizi Fu,Bing Sun,Yifan Pu,Wenming Wang,Fengming Song,Yingbin Li,Xuran Liu,Dongbo Wang

The traditional assessment of contaminants’ effects on sludge anaerobic digestion system usually concentrates on single endpoint such as methane and ignores the broader metabolic trade-off. This study shows how bisphenol S (BPS), which is largely used instead of other similar chemicals that have been restricted, drives a systematic carbon-sulfur metabolic shift during sludge anaerobic digestion, as systematically investigated through both complementary batch assays and long-term operations. The results showed that BPS has a concentration-dependent, hormetic effect on methanogenesis, with a 7.48% increase at 50 mg/kg TSS and 12.0% inhibition at 200 mg/kg TSS. In contrast, H 2 S production increased steadily (up to 34.5% at 200 mg/kg TSS), indicating a redirection of microbial electron flow. Mechanism analysis showed that BPS underwent rapid, chemisorption‑dominated adsorption (pseudosecond-order rate constant: 0.748 g/(mg·min), equilibrium capacity: 1.35 ± 0.08 mg/g), interacted with and altered cell membrane, and strongly bonded with the antioxidant enzyme (revealed via molecular docking, –8.55 kcal/mol), collectively triggering reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and accumulation (quantified via specific fluorescent assays). This selection pressure promoted the growth of oxidation-tolerant sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRBs) and organic degraders over sensitive methanogens, leading the community assembly process to become more deterministic. Importantly, co-occurrence network analysis revealed that BPS exposure changed the topological keystone taxa, increasing the number of connectors with SRBs (such as Desulfovibrio ) and protein/amino acid degraders (such as Proteiniclasticum ), and module hubs moving towards short chain fatty acid producers. This restructure created better ecological links that directly helped with the transfer of electrons towards sulfidogenesis.

CAS / MDL: 80-09-1
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SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY · 2026 · IF 9.1

Covalently bridged oxygen-vacancy-rich BiOCl/g-C3N4 S-scheme heterojunction for oxygen-resistant wet Fe(II)EDTA denitrification

Liwei Ma,Heting Li,Shaonan Shan,Yanqing Qin,Xu Yang,Guoqiang Li,Guojie Zhang

Wet Fe(II)EDTA complexation is a promising technology for NO removal, but its practical application is severely hindered by O 2 -induced oxidation of Fe(II)EDTA and inefficient regeneration of Fe(II)EDTA–NO. Herein, an oxygen-vacancy-rich BiOCl/g-C 3 N 4 S-scheme heterojunction with interfacial Bi–O–C covalent bonds was constructed for oxygen-resistant photocatalytic–complexation denitrification. Structural characterizations and density functional theory calculations confirmed that Bi–O–C bonds served as atomic-level charge-transfer channels, strengthening interfacial coupling and promoting directional S-scheme charge separation. This configuration preserved strongly reductive electrons on g-C 3 N 4 for the reduction of Fe( III )EDTA and Fe(II)EDTA–NO, while retaining oxidative holes on BiOCl. Meanwhile, oxygen vacancies on BiOCl acted as preferential O 2 adsorption and activation sites, converting O 2 into ·O 2 − and thereby transforming O 2 from a competitive oxidant into an electron-buffering species that suppresses BiOCl photocorrosion and regulates interfacial redox cycling. The optimized 20BCN–Fe( II )EDTA system achieved an average NO removal efficiency of 88.92% under 14% O 2 and maintained above 80.02% efficiency after 30 cycles. Product analysis revealed a reduction-dominated NO conversion pathway, with NH 4 + and N 2 as the major reduced nitrogen products, a total reduced-product selectivity of 91.9%, and a nitrogen recovery of 94.4%. Kinetic analysis confirmed that NO absorption proceeded in a fast reaction regime enhanced by interfacial redox reactions. This work provides an atomic-level strategy for designing oxygen-resistant photocatalytic systems for wet denitrification under realistic flue-gas conditions.

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Materials · 2026 ·Vol. 19 ·期 12 ·2556 · IF 3.7

From Strong Fluoride Binding to Reversible Electrodesorption: S, N-Regulated La-MOF-Derived Carbon Electrodes for Capacitive Deionization Defluoridation

Xue Yang,Shirong Yang,Dongbao Song,Hongtao Zhang,Junfeng Li,Pu Wang

HighlightsS, N co-regulated La2O2S/g-C3N4-derived carbon electrodes were successfully fabricated via thiourea-assisted carbonization of La-BDC-140.La-CNS3achieved a high fluoride removal capacity of 195 mg·g−1at an initial fluoride concentration of 100 mg·L−1.Reverse-voltage regeneration enabled reversible fluoride (F−) electrosorption without chemicals.What are the main findings?Under electric-field stimulation, the electrode exhibited excellent reversible adsorption/desorption, with a regeneration efficiency of F−exceeding 70%.Mechanistic analyses revealed that fluoride removal is mainly governed by La-F coordination, surface hydroxyl/water ligand exchange, and interfacial charge redistribution.DFT calculations further confirmed that the La2O2S/g-C3N4structure provides a favorable balance between fluoride adsorption strength and desorption reversibility.What are the implications of the main findings?These findings demonstrate that S, N co-regulation is an effective strategy to address the regeneration limitations of conventional La-based defluoridation materials.The La2O2S/g-C3N4-derived carbon electrode enables high-capacity, selective, and electrically regenerable fluoride removal in capacitive deionization (CDI) systems.This work provides a theoretical basis for designing sustainable rare-earth-based electrodes with balanced fluoride adsorption strength and desorption reversibility.La-MOFs exhibit strong affinity toward anions such as F−and phosphate. However, conventional La-MOFs show limited regeneration performance when used as CDI electrodes, posing a major challenge for practical applications. In this study, a high-performance sulfur and nitrogen co-doped La-BDC-140-derived carbon electrode (La-CNS3) was fabricated via a coupled carbonization and doping strategy. The optimized La-CNS3electrode possessed abundant defects, a mesoporous structure, favorable hydrophilicity, and rapid charge-transfer capability, which collectively enhanced fluoride electrosorption. At 1.4 V, La-CNS3achieved a fluoride removal capacity of 31.86 mg·g−1for 10 mg·L−1F−solution and up to 195 mg·g−1at an initial F−concentration of 100 mg·L−1. More importantly, partial fluoride desorption was realized solely under reverse voltage, and the electrode maintained favorable defluoridation performance over 50 adsorption–desorption cycles. In actual groundwater treatment, the effluent fluoride concentration decreased to below 1.0 mg·L−1after 120 min. XPS analysis and DFT calculations revealed that fluoride removal was mainly governed by La-F coordination, surface hydroxyl/water ligand exchange, and interfacial charge redistribution. The La2O2S/g-C3N4structure provided a favorable balance between fluoride adsorption strength and desorption reversibility. This work offers a promising strategy for designing efficient, selective, and electrically regenerable rare-earth-based CDI electrodes for fluoride-contaminated water treatment.

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SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY · 2026 · IF 9.1

Enhanced CO2 photoreduction via a 3D TiO2/NiAl-LDH aerogel with a novel S-scheme heterojunction enabling charge separation

Xiuyu Wang,Sijia Ren,Bingyan Shi,Liu Liu,Sam Toan,Xiaodong Wu,Sheng Cui,Xiaodong Shen

Developing efficient, stable, and low-cost photocatalysts for solar-driven CO 2 conversion is of great significance for sustainable energy. A flower-like NiAl-LDH structure with a particle size of about 3.0 μm, loaded with TiO 2 nanoparticles, is hydrothermally grown into a porous aerogel featuring an S-scheme heterojunction and an average pore diameter of approximately 13.0 nm. Under full-spectrum irradiation and without any CO-catalysts, the optimized aerogel achieves remarkably high CH 4 and CO production rates of 9.45 and 13.67 μmol·g −1 ·h −1 , representing 2.19- and 5.04-fold enhancements over pristine TiO 2 , respectively, along with excellent long-term cyclic stability. UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and photoelectrochemical analysis clearly reveal that the S-scheme heterojunction enhances visible-light absorption and significantly prolongs the photogenerated carrier lifetime from 1.46 ns to 3.02 ns. Density functional theory calculations further reveal that compared to TiO 2 , NiAl-LDH exhibits a stronger CO 2 adsorption energy of −1.28 eV and induces significant structural deformation in the adsorbed CO 2 molecule. Band structure, electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy consistently verify that before illumination, electrons spontaneously transfer from NiAl-LDH to TiO 2 , establishing a built-in electric field and inducing interfacial band bending. Upon illumination, this built-in field drives photogenerated electrons to transfer directionally from the conduction band of TiO 2 to the valence band of NiAl-LDH for recombination, thereby enabling efficient spatial charge separation and preserving high redox potentials. In situ infrared spectroscopy further reveals the CO 2 photoreduction pathway, thus supporting the proposed S-scheme-based multi-electron reduction mechanism for efficient solar fuel production

CAS / MDL: 13478-00-7 7784-27-2
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Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering · 2026 ·Vol. 14 ·期 5 ·124533 · IF 7.5

Efficient photoelectrocatalysis for dibutyl phthalate degradation and simultaneous hydrogen evolution using an S-scheme F-BiOF/TiO2 nanocones heterojunction

Zhenzhen Fan,Jianheng Xin,Jinfeng Zhi,Yunpeng Wang,Wenjun Yan,Yujing Guo,Zhongping Li,Lifang Fan

Addressing water pollution and energy shortage simultaneously remains a key environmental challenge, yet conventional water treatment rarely removes pollutants while recovering energy. Phthalate esters (PAEs), a class of toxic and persistent emerging contaminants, urgently require advanced oxidation technologies. Herein, an efficient photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) system was developed based on S-scheme F-BiOF/TiO 2 nanocones (NCs) photoanode for deep degradation of the representative PAEs, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), with simultaneous hydrogen (H 2 ) evolution. BiOF was first loaded onto TiO₂ NCs to form a compact BiOF/TiO₂ interface, and subsequent electrochemical F activation regulated the interfacial electronic structure and strengthened the internal electric field, thereby promoting S-scheme heterojunction directional charge separation. This design retained the strong oxidation ability of BiOF valence-band holes and the reduction ability of TiO₂ conduction-band electrons. Density functional theory (DFT) and spectroscopic analyses confirmed that F activation significantly strengthened the internal electric field and facilitated directional charge separation, thereby boosting PEC performance. Under simulated sunlight irradiation at 0.8 V, the system achieved 96.5% DBP removal and 967.7 μmol/cm 2 H 2 production within 90 min. Notably, the H 2 yield dropped to 559.3 μmol/cm 2 without DBP, demonstrating that anodic pollutant oxidation can promote cathodic H 2 evolution. Fukui-function revealed that the degradation of DBP initiated with preferential attack on its ester group, while HeLa cell assays confirmed decreasing intermediate toxicity. The system also showed robust performance in real wastewater, highlighting its potential for integrated recalcitrant pollutant removal and clean energy recovery.

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CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS · 2026 · IF 7.1

Wurtzite/Kesterite Cu2ZnSnS4 S-Scheme Heterophase Junction: A Robust Catalyst for Photothermal-Assisted Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction and Environmental Remediation

Renzhi Xiong,Dongchen Duan,Xiaoxue Ke,Keqin Chen,Yanhe Xiao,Baochang Cheng,Shuijin Lei

Heterophase junction engineering offers a revolutionary strategy for constructing polymorph photocatalysts with nearly perfect interfacial matching, thereby significantly optimizing charge dynamics. Nevertheless, existing heterophase junction systems still struggle to achieve both directional charge separation and efficient utilization of the full solar spectrum. In this study, a wurtzite-phase Cu2ZnSnS4 (W-CZTS)/kesterite-phase Cu2ZnSnS4 (K-CZTS) S-scheme heterophase junction was successfully constructed through the precise regulation of the spatial assembly between W-CZTS nanoparticles and K-CZTS nanosheets. This strategic structural design achieved three key breakthroughs: (i) the formation of atomically intimate interfaces with strong built-in electric fields, (ii) the integration of superior photothermal conversion capability, and (iii) directional charge separation while preserving optimal redox potentials. The developed heterophase junction catalyst demonstrated outstanding photothermal-assisted photocatalytic performance: under UV–vis–IR illumination, the average CO yield reached 68.4 μmol g–1 h–1, which represented a 9.6-fold enhancement compared to that without IR irradiation, and 76-fold and 114-fold higher than the performance of pristine K-CZTS and W-CZTS, respectively, under UV–vis irradiation. Furthermore, the catalyst demonstrated near-complete removal efficiency for both Cr(VI) reduction and Congo red degradation. This study establishes a paradigm for the development of high-performance heterophase junction photocatalysts and provides crucial insights for advancing solar-driven environmental remediation and fuel production.

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ACS Applied Energy Materials · 2026 · IF 5.5

Structural and Electrochemical Properties of S Doped LaMnO3 Perovskite Electrode for High-Performance Symmetric and Asymmetric Photoassisted Charging Supercapacitors

Christopher Bassanyin,Yu Wang,Jiake Li,Hedong Jiang,Xin Liu,Pingchun Guo,Xueguo Zhao,Hua Zhu,Yanxiang Wang

The gradual depletion of fossil fuels and growing energy demands necessitate efficient renewable energy solutions. Photorechargeable supercapacitors (PSc) offer a promising approach by converting light into electrical energy for storage. This study synthesized sulfur-doped perovskite LaMnSxO3–x (LMSx, x = 0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.1, 0.3) using the modified sol–gel method. The optimized LMS0.05 single-electrode yields a specific capacity of 712.73 F/g at 2 A/g in 1 M KOH. The constructed LMS0.05//LMS0.05 symmetric supercapacitor achieves 230 F/g specific capacity at a current density of 3 A/g under 95 mW/cm2 light intensity, which is 4.41 times higher than dark conditions. The capacity retention rates are 99.48% and 72.47% at a current density of 10 A/g after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles under light and dark conditions, respectively. Coulombic efficiencies are 100% under both conditions. The constructed MnO2//LMS0.05 asymmetric supercapacitor achieves a specific capacity of 550 F/g at a current density of 3 A/g under 95 mW/cm2 light intensity, corresponding to a 5.53-times enhancement relative to dark conditions. The capacity retention rates are 99.87% and 98.68% at a current density of 10A/g after 10,000 charge/discharge cycles under light and dark conditions, respectively. Coulombic efficiencies are 100% under both conditions. Moreover, the MnO2//LMS0.05 attains a specific capacity of 35.17 F/g under photocharging, yielding a PCE of 0.117% in only 3 min at 91% of the maximum voltage. This research, for the first time, provides a promising approach to explore nonmetal doping to advance perovskite supercapacitors for applications in energy devices and renewable energy storage solutions.

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Polymers · 2026 ·Vol. 18 ·期 7 ·782 · IF 5.8

Liquid Crystalline Siloxane-Containing Poly(ester imide)s with Low Dielectric Constant and Low Dielectric Loss at 10 GHz

Qing Peng,Wenxiang Zhang,Qiwei Pan,Shumei Liu,Jianqing Zhao

The development of high-performance polymers exhibiting both low dielectric constant (Dk) and low dielectric loss (Df) at high frequencies is highly desirable yet challenging for applications in microelectronics and wireless communication technologies. In this work, a series of siloxane-containing poly(ester imide)s (SiPEIs) are designed and synthesized via a two-step polymerization route, using 1,4-phenylene bis(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carboxylate) (TAHQ) as the dianhydride monomer, and 1,3-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane (DMS) together with 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA) as the diamine comonomers. Although the introduction of short siloxane segments lowers the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the tensile strength of the resulting PEIs, they still remain at a relatively high level. Liquid crystalline phase behavior is observed at lower temperature for the siloxane-containing PEIs. Meanwhile, the hydrophobicity and the high-frequency dielectric performance is effectively improved with increasing siloxane content. Notably, SiPEI-20, prepared with 20 mol% DMS, displays an outstanding integrated performance. It exhibits aTgof 200 °C, a Dkof 2.87 and a Dfof 0.00155 at 10 GHz, as well as an adhesive strength of 0.85 N·mm−1on copper foil. Overall, this work provides a feasible strategy by incorporating siloxane into the PEI backbone, enabling the synergistic enhancement of high-frequency dielectric properties (simultaneous reduction in Dkand Df) and adhesion to copper foil.

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APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE · 2026 · IF 6.6

Interfacial engineering of an S-scheme Ni–Co PBAs/Borophene heterojunction: electronic structure modulation and enhanced photocatalytic H2 production

Jixu Han,Jing Xu,Qingyang Yu,Xinjie Ning,Mingxia Zheng,Siming Lan,Xinyu Chen,Ke Ma

The simultaneous management of charge separation and surface reaction energetics remains a pivotal challenge in the development of efficient photocatalysts for hydrogen production. Herein, we report a dual‑functional interfacial engineering strategy by constructing an S‑scheme heterojunction between nickel‑cobalt Prussian blue analogues (Ni–Co PBAs) and metallic Borophene (Bp). The optimized Ni–Co PBAs/Bp composite achieves an exceptional hydrogen evolution rate of 56.04 mmol g −1 over 5 h in an Eosin Y‑sensitized system under visible light, surpassing its individual components by factors of 29 and 4.4, respectively. Integrated in situ spectroscopic and DFT analyses unveil a synergistic mechanism: Bp not only serves as a charge‑transfer mediator to enable efficient S‑scheme electron flow driven by a built‑in electric field, but also acts as an electronic modulator to upshift the d‑band center of Ni/Co sites, thereby optimizing hydrogen adsorption free energy. This work provides a concrete blueprint for developing high‑performance photocatalysts via co‑optimizing macroscopic charge dynamics and atomic‑scale site reactivity for solar fuel production.

CAS / MDL: 10026-22-9 13478-00-7
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