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LANGMUIR · 2026 · IF 4.4

Boosting Photocatalytic H2O2 Self-Supply and Surface Antibacterial Activity via Interfacial Electric Field-Regulated S-Scheme Mn0.2Cd0.8S/ZnIn2S4 Heterojunction

Xia Zhang,Tongyao Liu,Chen Liang,Jianing Ma,Li Bao,Yun Fang,Zhihao Du,Riming Hu,Piqi Zhao,Xuchuan Jiang,Pengyu Dong

Surface biofouling is a pervasive and intractable challenge that accelerates the corrosion of cement-based marine infrastructures, drastically impairs their structural durability and shortens their service life. Herein, to address these critical issues, an interfacial electric field-driven S-scheme Mn0.2Cd0.8S/ZnIn2S4 (MCS/ZIS) heterojunction was rationally designed and fabricated as a high-performance photocatalytic coating for sustainable surface antibacterial protection. Owing to the Fermi level difference between MCS and ZIS, a robust internal electric field is constructed at the heterojunction interface, which not only boosts the directional charge transfer across the interface but also effectively suppresses the recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. More importantly, the unique S-scheme charge transfer pathway enables the selective retention of highly reductive electrons in the conduction band of MCS and strongly oxidative holes in the valence band of ZIS, which synergistically facilitates the efficient two-electron oxygen reduction reaction for in situ hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) generation. The optimized MCS/ZIS composite achieves a remarkable H2O2 production rate of 899.7 μmol·g–1·h–1 under simulated sunlight irradiation, which is 2.1 times higher than that of pristine MCS. When integrated onto the surface of cement-based materials, the as-prepared MCS/ZIS photocatalytic coating continuously generates H2O2 under light illumination, exhibiting excellent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 20.33 μg·mL–1. This work not only provides a novel photocatalytic antifouling strategy for enhancing the durability of cement-based materials but also offers a feasible design idea for the construction of high-efficiency S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts for environmental remediation applications.

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Materials Today Chemistry · 2026 · IF 7.4

Constructing S-Scheme heterojunctions between ReS2 and Cu-Doped NiCo-LDH: A synergistic strategy for boosted photocatalytic hydrogen production

Guorong Liu,Fangyu Zhang,Wendan Yang,Xiaofeng Sun,Yanyan Dai,Jinyuan Ma,Zao Yi

Ni 0.9 Cu 0.1 Co-LDH/15ReS 2 hollow nanocages was constructed. • The introduction of Cu into NiCo-LDH not only enhanced visible light absorption but also effectively suppresses the recombination of photogenerated carriers. • The BEF formed at the interface between Ni 0.9 Cu 0.1 Co-LDH and ReS 2 can facilitate the spatial separation and directional migration of photogenerated carriers. • The mechanism is explained through the complementary combination of experimental analysis and theoretical calculation. • Outstanding operational stability. The pursuit of efficient and stable photocatalysts for solar-driven hydrogen evolution is critical to addressing the global energy crisis. Herein, a novel S-scheme heterojunction is constructed by integrating ReS 2 particles onto Cu-doped NiCo-layered double hydroxide (Ni 1-x Cu x Co-LDH) hollow nanocages, synthesized via an “etch and grow” method using ZIF-67 as a template. The optimized Ni 0.9 Cu 0.1 Co-LDH/15ReS 2 composite achieves a hydrogen precipitation rate of 4.17 mmol g −1  h −1 under the illumination of visible light, which is 5.48-fold and 3.11-fold higher than those of pristine NiCo-LDH and ReS 2 , respectively. This performance improvement is attributed to the synergy of three key factors. (i) Cu doping effectively modulates the electronic structure of the LDH, introduces defect levels to narrow the bandgap (from 2.1 eV to 1.9 eV) for enhanced visible light absorption, and serves as charge balancer to suppress carrier recombination. (ii) The formation of an ordered heterostructure between Ni 0.9 Cu 0.1 Co-LDH and ReS 2 at their interface creates a built-in electric field that promotes the spatial separation and directional migration of photogenerated charge carriers, markedly reduces the likelihood of their recombination. (iii) The heterojunction exhibits a large specific surface area (109.23 m 2 /g), which effectively exposes more catalytic active sites and prolongs the light propagation path, thereby enhancing surface reaction efficiency and light utilization. The composite also exhibits outstanding stability, retaining 96% of its initial activity after four photocatalytic cycles. Combined theoretical calculations and experimental analyses confirm that the well-matched band alignment and robust interfacial interaction enable effective spatial separation of photogenerated carriers while preserving strong redox potentials. The work demonstrates a very promising strategy for designing high performance LDH-based S-scheme heterojunctions toward sustainable solar-to-chemical energy conversion.

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ADVANCED MATERIALS · 2026 · IF 29.1

A Visual Inertia-Inspired Multimode Sensor Based on Pb–S Strongly Coupled Heterostructures for Information Fusion Positioning and Monitoring

Leping Li,Chenhao Xu,Lei Zheng,Jixia Tang,Wenjing Jiang,Zongbo Feng,Baozeng Zhou,Jinlian Bi,Yongxu Hu,Wei Li,Yujie Yuan,Wenping Hu

The visual-inertial odometry (VIO) system enables continuous and accurate tracking of high-speed moving objects, offering distinct advantages for unmanned vehicles and mobile robots, but spatiotemporal inconsistency between components data often degrades overall performance. Here, we demonstrate a visual inertia-inspired multimode sensor (VIMS) based on FAPbI 3 (FA/PbI 2 = 4:1) organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite quantum dots (OIHPQDs) sensitized MoS 2 heterostructure, featuring reconfigurable photodetector (PD) and photosynaptic (PS) functions, successfully demonstrating single-device functional integration for VIO. The heterostructure exhibits light-power-selective, Pb–S coupled-mediated charge transport, enabling distinct light response speeds for PD and PS mode switching while overcoming the need for lattice matching in heterostructure coupling. Moreover, uniform-sized FAPbI 3 is obtained using a self-designed microfluidic technique, ensuring excellent reproducibility in the fabricated heterointerface. The developed devices exhibit a high specific detectivity ( D * ) gain of ≈ 1000 under 0.039 mW/cm 2 dim light, excellent synaptic plasticity with 90% recognition accuracy and 40% noise tolerance, and optical secure communication capability with response times over 10 times faster than in PS mode. More importantly, the dual-mode VIMS array enables real-time tracking of dynamic grayscale and static attitude information from high-speed Newton's cradle and billiards, demonstrating dynamic/static information fusion for positioning and monitoring.

✓ 已验证 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE · 2026 · IF 4.9

S-scheme g-C3N4/Ce-MgAl-LDH heterojunction for tetracycline degradation: response surface methodology-guided optimization and mechanistic insights

Yanling Hu,Yanshu Chen,Ruitong Li,Ximan Wang,Sigen A,Yunfeng Wu,Dehui Bian,Siqi Bao

Constructed an S-scheme g-C 3 N 4 /Ce-MgAl-LDH heterojunction via hydrothermal method. • Achieved complete TC-HCl degradation in 20 min under visible light with H 2 O 2 synergy. • Identified superoxide radicals as dominant species and proposed three degradation pathways. • Revealed enhanced charge separation via Ce doping and S-scheme interfacial transfer. • Demonstrated 85.3% stability after five cycles with reduced ecotoxicity of intermediates. Antibiotic contamination, especially by tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl), presents significant environmental and health challenges. In this study, a 3D flower-like g-C 3 N 4 /Ce-MgAl-LDH composite was synthesized for effective TC-HCl degradation. In situ XPS and DFT calculations confirmed that the formed S-scheme heterojunction enhances charge separation while maintaining strong redox capabilities. Response surface methodology (RSM) identified pH as the key factor influencing degradation efficiency. Under optimized conditions, the catalyst achieved complete TC-HCl removal within 20 min and a mineralization efficiency of 39.8% based on TOC analysis. Quenching experiments and EPR spectroscopy revealed superoxide radicals (·O 2 - ) as the primary reactive species. The composite also demonstrated excellent environmental adaptability, broad-spectrum activity, and cyclic stability, retaining 85.3% of its activity after five successive cycles. This work combines an advanced S-scheme photocatalyst design with RSM-guided optimization, offering a practical strategy for antibiotic wastewater treatment. Mechanism diagram of TC-HCl degradation in the CN/LDH-15%/H 2 O 2 /Vis system Download: Download high-res image (190KB) Download: Download full-size image

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APPLIED CATALYSIS A-GENERAL · 2026 · IF 4.8

Light-induced interfacial charge redistribution in a BiOCl/Zn₃In₂S₆ heterojunction for H₂O₂ production and pollutant degradation

Linlin Wang,Bingjie Liu,Meng Liu,Jikun Li,Jinglei De,Yangchuan Ke

A BiOCl/ZIS heterojunction was constructed by ultrasound-assisted assembly. • Interfacial coupling induced directional redistribution of photocarriers. • 3-BZ efficiently degraded concentrated RhB, CR, and TC under visible light. • 3-BZ achieved efficient photocatalytic H₂O₂ production under visible light. • In situ XPS and DFT supported type-II electron transfer from ZIS to BiOCl. An ultrasound-assisted assembly route was used to construct a BiOCl/Zn₃In₂S₆ (ZIS) heterojunction for visible-light-driven pollutant degradation and H₂O₂ production. After 120 min of irradiation, the optimized composite degraded 99.59% of Rhodamine B (RhB, 600 mg/L), 99.82% of Congo red (CR, 200 mg/L), and 83.50% of Tetracycline (TC, 80 mg/L). In a separate O₂-saturated medium containing 10 vol% isopropanol, the H₂O₂ yield reached 5644 μmol g⁻¹ over the same period. In situ irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that Bi 4 f, Cl 2p, and O 1 s shifted toward lower binding energies, whereas the ZIS-associated core levels shifted toward higher binding energies. These opposite changes indicate photoelectron enrichment in BiOCl and electron depletion in ZIS. Density functional theory calculations revealed a larger work function for BiOCl (6.72 eV) than for ZIS (5.33 eV), while the differential charge density confirmed interfacial electron redistribution. Together with the density-of-states and experimental band-edge results, these findings support a type-II pathway in which electrons migrate from the ZIS conduction band (CB) to the BiOCl CB, while holes transfer from the BiOCl valence band (VB) to the ZIS VB. The resulting carrier separation favors O₂ reduction toward H₂O₂ formation and promotes oxidative pollutant degradation. Download: Download high-res image (225KB) Download: Download full-size image

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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL · 2026 · IF 12.5

S-CQD-enhanced cellulose-based multifunctional ratiometric fluorescent films: Improved fluorescent performance of FITC for freshwater shrimp freshness monitoring

Cong Chen,Boxin Zhang,Wenliang Wang,Jinbao Cheng,Bailiang Xue,Weikun Jiang,Lei Tian,Chengyuan Liang

TPO-S-CQD was fabricated from waste tires via a top-down approach. • TPO-S-CQD endows film with enhanced FRET-based fluorescence response. • The C3 film achieves a strong ΔE–TVB-N linear correlation (R 2  = 0.9945). • The C3 film possesses good antibacterial and physicochemical properties. Sulfur-doped carbon quantum dots (S-CQD) were synthesized via hydrothermal (bottom-up approach) or pyrolysis (top-down approach) methods, denoted as CA-S-CQD and TPO-S-CQD respectively. These were incorporated into cellulose substrate to construct fluorescent composite sensing films. Structural and spectral characterization revealed that, compared with CA-S-CQD, TPO-S-CQD possessed smaller particle size and superior dispersibility, enabling the formation of composite films with denser and more uniform microstructure. Based on the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism, the composite films exhibited more sensitive fluorescence responses to volatile biogenic amines. Specifically, the C3 film incorporating TPO-S-CQD demonstrated optimal performance in sensing sensitivity, recyclability, and long-term stability. Physicochemical properties tests indicated that the incorporation of S-CQD significantly enhanced the hydrophilicity, antioxidant activity, UV-blocking efficiency, and mechanical properties of the films, while maintaining excellent biodegradability. Moreover, the C3 film exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, with notably stronger inhibitory effects on E. coli than S. aureus . Using Litopenaeus vannamei as the detection object, the fluorescent color of the film changed gradually with spoilage degree at different storage temperatures, which was highly consistent with the national standard for total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) in freshwater shrimp. The color difference (ΔE) showed a strong linear relationship with TVB-N content, with a coefficient of determination (R 2 ) of 0.9945 for the C3 film. This study realizes the high-value utilization of waste tires and provides a novel high-performance functional material and research strategy for intelligent indicator packaging and rapid visual freshness monitoring for freshwater shrimp. Download: Download high-res image (149KB) Download: Download full-size image

CAS / MDL: 3326-32-7
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JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE · 2026 · IF 9.6

Dual-defect engineered CuS/NiTiO3 S-scheme heterojunction with strengthened built-in electric field for boosting photocatalytic CO2 reduction

Heng Zhang,Jialu Li,Renjie Lu,Huidong Shen,Lihong Wang,Feng Fu,Yucang Liang

Sulfur/oxygen dual-vacancy CuS-S v /NiTiO 3 -O v S-scheme heterojunction was successfully fabricated. • Built-in electric field accelerates electron transfer in sulfur/oxygen-vacancy heterojunction. • Cu centers in CuS-S v accumulate electrons for CO 2 reduction while NiTiO 3 -O v enriches holes in CuS-S v /NiTiO 3 -O v . • Optimized 5% CuS-S v /NiTiO 3 -O v heterojunction exhibits highest CO evolution rate (490 μmol g −1  h −1 ). • Photocatalytic mechanism is proposed for CO 2 reduction. Harnessing solar energy for the photocatalytic CO 2 reduction into valuable fuels presents a sustainability strategy to simultaneously alleviate the global energy crisis and mitigate carbon emission. However, the efficiency of photocatalytic CO 2 reduction is hindered by weak adsorption and sluggish charge separation in semiconductor materials. Herein, a sulfur/oxygen dual-vacancy engineered CuS-S v /NiTiO 3 -O v S-scheme heterojunction is constructed to achieve a remarkable CO production rate of 490.0 μmol g −1  h −1 with 89.1% selectivity. Experimental results reveal that sulfur vacancies probably strengthen CO 2 adsorption and activation, while oxygen defects induced interfacial charge redistribution at the S-scheme heterojunction interface by intensifying the built-in electric field, promoting efficient separation and migration of photogenerated charge carriers. Density functional theory calculations further uncover that sulfur vacancies (S v ) are beneficial to CO 2 adsorption and activation while promoting the stabilization of the key *COOH intermediate, thereby favoring the CO 2 reduction reaction. Moreover, oxygen vacancies (O v ) promote charge redistribution and facilitate charge transfer across the heterojunction interface onto CuS-S v . In-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) calculations clarify the reaction pathway, showing that the synergistic interaction of sulfur and oxygen vacancies efficiently decreased the energy barrier for *CO formation by reinforcing the interaction between *COOH intermediates and the catalyst surface. This study highlights a synergistic strategy combining defect engineering and S-scheme heterojunction design to achieve highly selective and efficient photocatalytic CO 2 to CO conversion. The deliberate introduction of sulfur/oxygen dual vacancies induces electron redistribution within the CuS-S v /NiTiO 3 -O v S-scheme heterostructure, concentrating electrons Cu sites and localizing charge on Ni. The built-in electric field drives interfacial transfer, enriching Cu centers that enhance C O activation and accelerate key intermediate formation. Download: Download high-res image (152KB) Download: Download full-size image

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APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY · 2025 · IF 3.7

Enzymatic property and stabilization mechanism of LysBT1, a novel polyextremotolerant endolysin with a C-terminal S-layer homology domain

Yu Li,Ke Luo,Chaofeng Jiang,Yihao Zhang,Yong Yang,Yitong Yao,Huai Li,Fei Gan,Xiao-Feng Tang,Bing Tang

Phage-encoded endolysins are getting increasing attention because of their potential to serve as alternative antimicrobials to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Here, we report a novel endolysin LysBT1, which is encoded by a prophage of thermophilic Brevibacillus thermoruber WF146 and comprises an N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase domain and an S-layer homology (SLH) domain not found in known endolysins. LysBT1 is not only extremely thermostable, retaining more than 60% activity after 1 h incubation at 95°C, but also highly stable over a wide pH range of 4.0–11.0. Moreover, the thermostability of LysBT1 could be enhanced by EDTA or reducing agents. Although none of the seven cysteine residues of LysBT1 participate in disulfide bond formation, six of them, including the catalytic Zn2+-coordinating Cys156, are involved in stabilizing the enzyme at elevated temperatures. The SLH domain contributes to the thermostability of LysBT1 and mediates cell surface binding of the enzyme to facilitate enzymatic lysis of strain WF146 cells via increasing local enzyme concentration around the substrate. LysBT1 is capable of trimerization, where the SLH domains are predicted to form a three-prong spindle-like trimer similar to that in S-layer proteins. The SLH domain of LysBT1 could bind to cell surfaces of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. LysBT1 can lyse not only Gram-positive strain WF146, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, and Bacillus subtilis but also Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii with the aid of EDTA or citric acid. EDTA also facilitates LysBT1 to lyse Bacillus cereus, probably because EDTA-induced disorganization of the S-layer allows LysBT1 to access and hydrolyze the peptidoglycan.

✓ 已验证 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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IONICS · 2025 · IF 2.6

Synergistic sulfur engineering in Amorphous Co–S nanoparticles via ChCl–EG DES–mediated synthesis for efficient overall water splitting

Mise Youpo,Wang Shaohua,Shi Wen,Yin Yakun,An Juan,Zhou Xuejiao,Xia Wentang,Yang Wenqiang

This study presents a green strategy for synthesizing amorphous cobalt sulfide (Co–S) bifunctional electrocatalysts via a choline chloride–ethylene glycol deep eutectic solvent (DES) under ambient conditions, addressing ionic coordination dynamics and defect engineering for enhanced solid–state ionic/electronic transport in energy conversion. By modulating the equilibrium between Co 2+ and S₂O₃ 2- ions in Ethaline, we fabricated monodisperse Co–150S nanoparticles (~ 78 nm) with tailored sulfur content (S/Co = 1.9), an amorphous architecture, and abundant oxygen vacancies. These structural features synergistically optimized ionic diffusion pathways and electronic conductivity, achieving exceptional hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activities in alkaline media. The Co–150S/NF electrode demonstrated a volcano-like sulfur-dependent activity profile, achieving the highest electrochemically active surface area (ECSA, 3.7 cm 2 ) and ultralow overpotentials of − 105 mV (HER) and 277 mV (OER) at 10 mA cm⁻ 2 , comparable to benchmark Pt/C and RuO₂ catalysts. Post-electrolysis characterization revealed dynamic structural reorganization during HER and OER operations, involving over 80 at% sulfur depletion and the formation of metastable Co-rich phases that maintained catalytic functionality. In overall water splitting, the system required only 1.62 V to drive 10 mA cm⁻ 2 with minimal activity decay (1.5 mV h⁻ 1 over 26 h). Mechanistic investigations revealed that sulfur incorporation initiates a multiscale optimization process: (i) DES–mediated ionic confinement prevents particle aggregation, promoting uniform nanosphere formation; (ii) modulation of the electronic structure through nonstoichiometric Co–S coordination; and (iii) defect engineering through the enrichment of oxygen vacancies. This study provides insights into ionic coordination mechanisms in non–aqueous solvents and defect–mediated ion transport in amorphous solids, suggesting a potential strategy for developing electrocatalysts applicable to related energy storage technologies.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES · 2026 · IF 8.7

Determination of the monosaccharide types and absolute configurations in polysaccharides with (S)-(-)-1-phenylethylamine based on UPLC-MS/MS

Jie Bai,Yongchun Huang,Yuling Zhao,Lirong Zhang,Fuli Zhu,Yixizhuoma,Yuxin Weng,Shoude Zhang

The structural characterization of polysaccharides requires precise determination of their monosaccharide composition, including the differentiation of D- and L-configurations. Current analytical methods can identify monosaccharide types but often fail to distinguish between enantiomeric configurations, posing a significant challenge for accurate polysaccharide structural elucidation. This study introduces a robust, accurate, and reproducible ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method to address this limitation. By utilizing ( S )-(−)-1-phenylethylamine (S-PEA) as a chiral derivatizing reagent, monosaccharide enantiomers are converted into diastereomers through the introduction of a new chiral center. This approach enables the simultaneous determination of D/L configurations for aldoses, amino sugars, alditols, and uronic acids, achieving excellent chromatographic baseline separation. Method validation demonstrated excellent linearity (R 2  > 0.9900) within the range of 2.5–160 μg/mL. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.04 to 0.11 μg/mL and 0.13–0.35 μg/mL, respectively, indicating high sensitivity. Accuracy was confirmed with recovery rates between 97.23% and 100.67%, while intra- and inter-day precision RSDs were below 3.54%. The method was successfully applied to characterize the monosaccharide composition of six plant-derived polysaccharides, demonstrating its efficacy in identifying both structural types and absolute configurations. These findings establish the proposed method as a valuable tool for advancing the comprehensive structural analysis of polysaccharides.

✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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Food Science & Nutrition · 2026 ·Vol. 14 ·期 1 ·e71321 · IF 3.8

Fuc-S, a New Degraded Polysaccharide From Fucoidan, Alleviates Type 2 Diabetes-Associated Liver Injury Through Modulating Gut Microbiota

Bin Du,Caihong Cheng,Jinxiu Feng,Yue Liang,Wang Tao,Baojun Xu,Jiao Peng,Guangtao Zhang,Yuedong Yang

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is frequently associated with liver injury. This study examines the therapeutic potential of Fucus vesiculosus -derived low-molecular-weight fucoidan (Fuc-S) in mitigating T2DM-related hepatic damage. In STZ/HFD-induced diabetic mice, Fuc-S treatment (100 or 200 mg/kg, 5 weeks) significantly improved glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, and liver function, while reducing hepatic steatosis and serum ALT/AST levels. Fuc-S enhanced hepatic antioxidant defenses, increasing SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activity while decreasing MDA levels. Gut microbiota analysis showed that Fuc-S promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria ( Bacteroides acidifaciens ) and elevated fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate. Furthermore, Fuc-S reinforced intestinal barrier integrity by upregulating tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin). These results indicate that Fuc-S alleviates T2DM-induced liver injury by modulating the gut microbiota-SCFA-liver axis, thereby reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. The study suggests Fuc-S as a promising dietary intervention for T2DM, acting through multi-target microbiota-metabolite interactions.

✓ 已验证 产品关联 DOI PubMed 高影响因子
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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY COMMUNICATIONS · 2026 · IF 5.4

Enhanced efficiency of methyl orange degradation by S-doped molybdenum carbide in an electrochemical system: experiment and DFT calculation

Jin-yang-zi Li,Yi-da Wang,Yu-chen Zhang,Ling Li,Qian Zhang

This study developed a S-doped two-dimensional molybdenum carbide composited with graphene oxide (S-Mo x C/GO) for efficient electrochemical degradation of methyl orange (MO). The incorporation of S refined the MoₓC nanocrystals and reduced graphene stacking, significantly enhancing electrocatalytic performance. The S- Mo x C /GO system achieved 99.9% removal of 10 mg/L MO within 45 min, outperforming the undoped counterpart (95.2%). Quenching tests identified singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) as the dominant reactive species. DFT calculations revealed that S doping facilitates H 2 O adsorption and promotes electron transfer from H 2 O to adjacent Mo sites, thereby accelerating the activation of oxygen species for 1 O 2 generation. Degradation pathways were proposed based on HPLC and computational analysis. Additionally, toxicological assessment indicated that most degradation products exhibit low ecological risk. This work elucidates the role of S doping in enhancing catalytic activity and provides a feasible strategy for designing efficient Mo x C-based catalysts for organic wastewater treatment.

CAS / MDL: 71-00-1 7782-42-5
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