Gels
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2026
·Vol. 12
·期 10
·873
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IF 6.4
Xueqiao Wang,Jing Wang,Wenxuan Wang,Ruimeng Liu,Yimin Shi,Daxin Liang
Efficient seawater lithium harvesting requires adsorbents combining high selectivity with scalable, low-energy fabrication. Although H2TiO3lithium-ion sieves (HTO-LIS) exhibit exceptional Li+selectivity, their deployment is hindered by strict alkaline requirements and reliance on energy-intensive shaping processes such as freeze-drying. Herein, we report a cellulose nanofibril (CNF) composite aerogel addressing both challenges simultaneously. Ammonium phytate (AP), a bio-derived polyphosphate, serves a dual function: as a green crosslinker for CNF and as an in situ alkalinity generator, creating a localized alkaline microenvironment around immobilized HTO nanoparticles that enables efficient topotactic H+/Li+exchange at seawater-relevant pH 8 without requiring strongly alkaline bulk conditions. Crucially, the AP-crosslinked CNF skeleton withstands capillary forces during ambient-pressure drying, preserving a hierarchical macroporous network without freeze-drying. The resulting AP-CNF@HTO monolith achieves a Li+capacity of 19.08 mg g−1at pH 8, a 128.9% enhancement over pristine HTO, with excellent selectivity against competing ions in real seawater and 88.3% capacity retention after ten cycles. This work demonstrates that rational bio-based crosslinker selection can concurrently solve the alkaline microenvironment and ambient-drying challenges of HTO-LIS composites, offering an ambient-pressure-drying route with reduced reliance on energy-intensive freeze-drying for seawater lithium enrichment.
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COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
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2026
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IF 5.4
Lin Fu,Fuyuan Ding,Xiaowei Huang,Jiyong Shi,Xiaobo Zou
An alkali‑assisted strategy fabricated functionalized cellulose nanoparticles. • NaOH concentration determined the cellulose state and formation pathway. • Swollen cellulose formed nanoparticles by top-down disintegration after etherification. • Dissolved cellulose regenerated into nanoparticles by bottom-up assembly during dialysis. • QCNPs showed tunable properties and > 99% antibacterial activity. Developing efficient and sustainable strategies for fabricating functionalized cellulose nanoparticles with tunable structures and properties remains challenging. Herein, we report an alkali‑assisted strategy integrating freeze-thaw pretreatment, etherification, and dialysis to produce charged cellulose nanoparticles under mild alkaline conditions. At 1.5 wt% NaOH, cellulose mainly underwent swelling, and the formation of nanoparticles after etherification was consistent with a top-down disintegration process of swollen cellulose. At 5 wt% NaOH, cellulose was dissolved, and the formation of nanoparticles during dialysis was consistent with a bottom-up regeneration process. The introduced charged groups suppressed hydrogen-bond-driven re-aggregation during alkali removal. Using this strategy, tunable cationic quaternized cellulose nanoparticles (QCNPs) and anionic carboxymethylated cellulose nanoparticles (CMCNPs) were successfully prepared, with size ranges of 20–252 nm and 19–100 nm, respectively. Quaternized cellulose nanoparticles prepared in 5 wt% NaOH were obtained in high recovery (98%) with a high degree of substitution (DS = 0.98). In addition, QCNPs exhibited antibacterial activity above 99% against Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ). This strategy provides a general route to preparing cellulose nanoparticles with tunable structures and functionalities, offering a simple and versatile approach for the high-value utilization of cellulose. Download: Download high-res image (189KB) Download: Download full-size image
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
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2026
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IF 8.7
Fei Fu,Rongzhi Li,Lu Yan,Yuandong Xu,Minggui Shen,Xu Xu,He Liu
An all-biomass-based benzoxazine-modified cellulose aerogel was prepared. • The aerogel has enhanced mechanical strength and hydrophobic lipophilicity. • The aerogel enables continuous separation of oil-water mixtures and emulsions. • The aerogel enables continuous oil-water separation, including emulsions. Oil spills in oceans and the discharge of oily wastewater from industries significantly impact the environment and human health. Recently, biomass aerogels have gained attention for oil-water separation due to their renewability and excellent adsorption capacity. However, the fragility and amphiphilic nature of cellulose aerogels limit their practical use in such applications. A novel all-biological benzoxazine was developed for cellulose aerogel modification. Through chemical cross-linking, freeze-drying, soaking, and thermal curing processes, a modified cellulose aerogel (p(G-md)/CA) with exceptional properties was successfully created. This lightweight material features high porosity, remarkable elasticity, and strong hydrophobicity (water contact angle of 135°), while demonstrating impressive pressure resistance (915 kPa at 90% strain). The preparation method offers significant advantages: simplicity, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and scalability for industrial production. The p(G-md)/CA aerogel rapidly and selectively adsorbs organic solvents and oils, demonstrating high adsorption capacity and excellent recyclability. After 50 reuse cycles, its adsorption capacity retains over 80% of its initial value (37 g/g). Additionally, the aerogel can serve as an efficient adsorption medium in continuous separation systems, effectively separating oil-water mixtures, including emulsions. As such, this polybenzoxazine-modified cellulose aerogel holds significant potential for practical applications in marine oil spill cleanup and industrial wastewater treatment.
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PubMed
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PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
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2026
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IF 2.2
Guo Chen,Yuchen Gao,Xianrui Shi,Yucheng Zhang
High solid content nitramine propellants are attractive for high-chamber-pressure tank weapons because of their high energy density, but their low-temperature mechanical reliability remains limited. In this work, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were surface-modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), oleic acid (OA), and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS), and introduced at 0.5 wt.% into an octogen (HMX) nitramine propellant. Their effects on thermal decomposition, combustion behavior, and mechanical properties were then examined. Structural characterization confirmed that all three treatments altered the CNFs surface chemistry and improved compatibility with the nitrocellulose/plasticizer matrix. DSC and TG results showed that CNFs incorporation did not noticeably change the main decomposition sequence or overall thermal stability of the propellant system. Closed-bomb tests likewise indicated only limited changes in overall combustion behavior, while temperature remained the dominant factor controlling the burning response. By contrast, the mechanical effect of CNFs was more evident under low-temperature conditions. Among the modified samples, CTAB-CNF showed the highest average impact strength at −40°C, increasing it from 4.10 kJ m − 2 to 5.05 kJ m − 2 . The observed behavior may be associated mainly with interfacial effects introduced by CNF surface modification. These results show that tailoring CNFs surface chemistry is a feasible way to improve the low-temperature mechanical reliability of high solid content nitramine propellants without sacrificing their intrinsic thermal and combustion characteristics.
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Gels
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2026
·Vol. 12
·期 4
·333
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IF 6.4
Panpan Feng,Jianguo Lin,Yan Ran,Yingying Zhang,Jiaxin Xu,Yuxin Cheng,Yuanyuan Liu
To address inherent limitations of chitosan-based edible films, including inadequate mechanical strength and poor moisture resistance, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were employed as a synergistic film-forming component to partially substitute chitosan in the fabrication of ternary composite films (denoted as CSTF-CNFs). This approach was based on a previously developed chitosan matrix modified with tannin-Fe 3+ nanoparticles (TF). It was hypothesized that CNF could function as a reinforcing scaffold to improve the dispersion of TF within the film matrix and, through hydrogen bonding and physical entanglement, form an interpenetrating fiber network with chitosan, thereby enhancing the structural and barrier properties of the films. The present study systematically evaluated the influence of varying CNF substitution ratios (0–30%) on the physicochemical characteristics of the resulting composite films and their performance in tomato preservation. The results demonstrated that an appropriate CNF incorporation facilitated the formation of a dense, cross-linked network with chitosan and TF via hydrogen bond interactions, significantly improving both mechanical strength and water resistance. Among all formulations, the CSTF-CNF20 film exhibited optimal comprehensive performance, achieving the highest tensile strength of 27.60 MPa. Moreover, its swelling ratio markedly decreased from 675.5% (CSTF-CNF0) to 120.9%, while the water contact angle increased to 113.7°, and the DPPH radical scavenging activity remained above 85%. Tomato preservation assays revealed that, in comparison with the untreated control and polyethylene film-wrapped groups, the application of CSTF-CNF20 coating effectively mitigated the decline in weight loss and firmness, preserved surface color integrity, and resulted in the highest L* value alongside the lowest soluble solids content. These findings suggest that the synergistic integration of CNF with nano-scale metal–phenolic networks offers a viable strategy for developing high-performance chitosan-based edible films. The CSTF-CNF20 composite film holds significant promise for application in the postharvest preservation of fruits and vegetables.
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PubMed
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INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
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2026
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IF 6.4
Xinyi Shao,Ting Wu,Chao Liu,Mengke Zhao,Bo Geng,Haifeng Zhu,Long Liang,Jian Wang,Yongjun Deng,Guigan Fang,Pedram Fatehi
Cellulose-based adsorbents offer sustainable alternatives to petroleum-derived ion-exchange fibers for dye wastewater treatment. However, existing cellulose derivatives face an inherent trade-off: introducing sufficient cationic groups to achieve high adsorption capacity inevitably causes excessive swelling and structural deformation, compromising filtration performance. Here, we report a bifunctional cellulose fiber (BCF) that overcomes this limitation through integrated phosphate esterification and carboxymethylation. The phosphate groups serve a dual role—providing additional cation-exchange sites (2.09 mmol·g⁻¹) while forming an internal crosslinked scaffold (confirmed by ³¹P NMR) that suppresses swelling and preserves fiber integrity. The resulting BCF exhibits exceptional methylene blue adsorption capacity (1243.96 mg·g⁻¹), exceeding its theoretical ion-exchange capacity. The molar ratio of adsorbed dye to anionic sites (1.095 > 1.0) and Sips heterogeneity parameters (1/nₛ = 0.7268–0.8324) confirm synergistic adsorption mechanisms involving electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, and dipole-dipole forces. Crucially, the crosslinked scaffold enables the BCF nonwoven filter to achieve a rapid filtration rate (31.85 m³·m⁻²·h⁻¹) and maintain > 98% removal efficiency after four regeneration cycles without requiring glass fiber blending. This work establishes a molecular design paradigm resolving the capacity-stability conflict in cellulose adsorbents, advancing sustainable biomass for practical wastewater treatment.
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SEPARATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
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2026
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IF 2.5
Jialong Yuan,Xu Zhang,Congcong Zhao,Fengjiao Bai,Hao Yan,Jin Li,Zhenyu Zuo
A novel molecularly imprinted polymer(Esc-SMIPs) with specific selectivity for esculetin (Esc), was synthesized in this work. Dehydroabietic acid [2-(acryloyloxy) ethyl] ester (DAAEE) and 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP) were utilized as bifunctional monomers, and porous cellulose microspheres derived from traditional Chinese medicine residue were employed as the carrier. The polymer was characterized by FT-IR, SEM, BET, TEM, and TGA. Experimental results demonstrated that the Esc – SMIPs prepared by these bifunctional monomers exhibit higher adsorption capacity (37.12 mg/g) and a superior imprinting factor (2.55) compared with the SMIPs derived from other monomers (PS, AA, 4 - VP, AM and DAAEE). In addition, Esc – SMIPs were applied as the solid – phase extraction filler for the selective identification and separation of Esc from Cortex fraxini extract. The concentration of Esc in the eluent (70% ethanol) was found to be significantly higher than that in the Cortex fraxini extract. The recovery rates of spiked samples for Esc were in the range of 98.06% − 101.93%, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values below 1.86%. When compared with macroporous adsorption resin D101 or Esc – SNIPs, excellent targeted enrichment and high separation efficiency for Esc are possessed by Esc – SMIPs.
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Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics
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2026
·
IF 2.6
Haoyu Zhou,Rongyu Sun,Yice Sun,Hao Wang,Nini Feng,Yuhong Li,Xiaoyin Wang
This study focuses on xanthated cellulose fiber (XCF), a precursor of cellulose nanofiber (CNF), innovatively integrates orthogonal experiments, two-factor analysis of variance, stepwise regression, and particle swarm optimization to systematically analyze and precisely control its degree of substitution (DS). Based on a three-level four-factor orthogonal design and supplementary tests, a quadratic nonlinear regression model with R2 = 0.9214 was established using 29 datasets, confirming the model’s significance. Carbon disulfide (CS2) dosage was identified as the most influential factor, and all six interaction terms were statistically significant. The optimal process parameters obtained via particle swarm optimization were: NaOH concentration 7.47%, alkali treatment time 4.38 h, CS2 dosage 0.53 mL, and xanthation time 2.74 h. A verification experiment under these conditions yielded a DS of 0.972, with only a 2.8% deviation from the predicted value. This study provides a precise and controllable pretreatment strategy for the efficient and low-energy preparation of CNF, demonstrating significant potential for industrial application.
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ACS Applied Polymer Materials
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2026
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IF 5.2
Zhou Zhou,Ce Zhao,Xinxin Yan,Lukuan Guo,Shilong Yang,Zhen Chen,Junlong Song,Jiaqi Guo
This work demonstrates a regioselectively designed cellulose derivative that enables colorless liquid-crystal-based anticounterfeiting with polarization-dependent readout. To overcome the intrinsic visibility and color dependence of conventional optical anticounterfeiting technologies, the hydroxyl group at the C6 position of cellulose was first selectively protected with trityl chloride, followed by ring-opening etherification of the C2 and C3 positions with propylene oxide to yield structurally defined 6-triphenylmethyl-2,3-hydroxypropyl cellulose (6T-HPC). A systematic comparison between 6-triphenylmethyl cellulose and its hydroxypropylated derivatives reveals that 6T-HPC retains liquid-crystalline ordering while completely suppressing visible structural color, thereby achieving an effective decoupling of liquid-crystal optical response from photonic-crystal coloration. Due to this unique optical behavior, a colorless liquid-crystal anticounterfeiting label was fabricated. The label remains fully transparent and invisible under ambient light, yet displays predefined patterns and optical textures when viewed under polarized conditions, enabling a “covert storage-polarized readout” mode of information encoding. This work demonstrates a precise molecular design strategy for tuning the optical functionality of cellulose derivatives and establishes a new route toward sustainable, high-security, and difficult-to-replicate colorless anticounterfeiting materials.
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JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
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2026
·
IF 10.6
Ruoxi Nie,Somia Yassin Hussain Abdalkarim,Bunan Wu,Haibin Ji,Chaopei Chen,Haicheng Huang,Hou-Yong Yu
Petroleum-based plastics are a significant source of global environmental pollution due to their non-biodegradability. Polylactic acid (PLA), a bio-based and biodegradable polymer, appears to be a promising alternative. However, PLA’s slow degradation rate and formation of persistent residues limit its practical application in agriculture. PLA breakdown can be accelerated by designing stable catalysts, such as through immobilization strategies. Enzyme supports can microregulate the surrounding microenvironment, thereby enhancing enzyme–substrate interactions. Herein, we first design an enzyme–cellulose nanocrystal interface to regulate the microenvironment for the degradation of polylactic acid (PLA) films. By grafting Proteinase K (ProK) onto carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (HSCNC) and incorporating the resulting Pro-HSCNC into PLA matrix, a composite (PCPro) was developed that demonstrates enhanced crystallinity and mechanical strength while preserving ProK enzymatic activity. The Pro-HSCNC not only introduces multiple degradation sites effectively but also enhances water retention and microbial growth, thereby actively managing the local environment to enable faster, controlled degradation. As a result, PCPro reaches up to 29.5% degradation in soil within 120 days while also supporting plant growth, surpassing most PLA composites in degradation performance. Life cycle assessment (LCA) of PCPro shows a significantly lower environmental impact compared to conventional PLA. This work introduces a new approach for designing enzyme-active bio-polyester-based materials with programmable degradation behaviors through enzyme–cellulose interfacial interaction.
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INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
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2026
·
IF 3.9
Zhenan Zheng,Guangliang Chen,Fengkai Zheng,Jiawei Chen,Jie Mao,Mingqiang Huang,Jie Huang,Yingwu Luo
The development of high-performance battery separators is critical for advancing lithium-ion technology. Conventional polyolefin separators are limited by poor electrolyte wettability, restricted thermal stability, and environmental concerns associated with their petroleum-based origin. In this study, an eco-friendly and robust all-cellulose composite (ACC) separator is designed to overcome these limitations. The separator is fabricated via a straightforward vacuum filtration of cellulose nanofibers (CNF), followed by ultraviolet-induced cross-linking of methacrylated carboxymethyl cellulose (mCMC). In this approach, mCMC serves as a cross-linking monomer integrated within the CNF matrix, substantially enhancing the mechanical integrity. The resulting separator with 5 wt % mCMC (ACC-5) exhibits an impressive tensile strength of 10.5 ± 1.0 MPa even after electrolyte absorption. Moreover, the carboxylate groups of mCMC facilitate lithium-ion transport, endowing the swollen ACC-5 with a high ionic conductivity of (3.22 ± 0.41) × 10–4 S/cm and an enhanced Li+ transference number of 0.59 at room temperature. The facile fabrication process also produces an asymmetric pore structure, the influence of which on battery performance is systematically investigated. Distribution of relaxation times (DRT) analysis indicates that positioning the small-pore side toward the cathode optimally enhances lithium-ion transfer kinetics at the interface. Consequently, the LiFePO4//ACC-5//Li cell demonstrates superior rate capability (112.2 mAh/g at 7C) and excellent cycling stability (92.5% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 1C). This work introduces a good design strategy for sustainable separators that synergistically integrates mechanical robustness and regulated ion transport for high-performance lithium batteries.
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PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
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2026
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IF 7.9
Yanjun Tang,Hanlu Zhu,Peng Zhu,Zhonglei Huang,Miao Zhang,Tong Luo
Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) is regarded as a promising bio-based material for emulsion stabilization owing to its high specific surface area, abundant hydroxyl groups, and tunable surface chemistry. However, the inherent hydrophilicity of CNC considerably limits interfacial activity at oil-water interfaces, posing a significant challenge for practical emulsion applications. In this study, the amphiphilicity of CNC was engineered through selective reducing end modification to enhance Pickering emulsion stabilization. Structural and chemical analyses confirmed the successful introduction of amine without disrupting the native crystalline structure of CNC. The conversion rate was dependent on the synergistic effects of amine nucleophilicity and solvent polarity, with an optimal conversion rate of 61.17%. Notably, the modified CNC exhibited tunable surface wettability (water contact angle increased to 45.5°) and colloidal stability (zeta potential ranging from −20.31 to −24.89 mV), enabling effective modulation over hydrophilic–hydrophobic balance. As a proof-of-concept, the amphiphilic CNC was capable of stabilizing Pickering emulsions featuring uniformly dispersed droplets, indicative of favorable interfacial activity. Rheological behavior further revealed an elastic-dominated behavior, corroborating the high stability of the interfacial layer. These findings open up new avenues for broadening the application of CNC in emulsion formulations across the fields of food science, cosmetics, pharmaceutics, and waterborne coatings.
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