ACS Omega
·
2022
·
IF 4.132
Xiang Chen,Bingyi Wang,Zhifeng Hao,Guizhen Tan,Mohamed S. Selim,Jian Yu,Yingmin Huang
To improve the fire hazard of epoxy resin (EP), phosphomolybdate (PMoA), as a classical Keggin cluster, was successfully intercalated into Mg, Al, and Zn layered double hydrotalcite (LDH) by the reconstruction method, and it was denoted as MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA. The structure and morphology of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Subsequently, hexa(4-aminophenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (HACP) was prepared and characterized as a high-performance organic flame retardant, which is rich in flame elements phosphorus and nitrogen. The synergistic effects of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA and HACP on the fire safety of EP composites loaded with different amounts of flame retardant hybrids were studied in detail. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the char residue of these EP composites increased significantly. Compared with the EP matrix filled with only MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA or HACP, the incorporation of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA and HACP had a synergistic effect on promoting char formation of EP composites. Particularly, the char yield of EP7 is as high as 29.0%. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of incorporation of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA with HACP were investigated using the cone calorimeter combustion tests. The results showed that the total heat release and peak heat release rate of the EP composites remarkably declined by 35.2 and 50.9%, respectively, with a loading of 7 wt % hybrid flame retardant. Moreover, the hybrid flame retardants also showed an obvious inhibitory effect on the total smoke production and the release of toxic CO gas. The detailed analysis of the residual char indicated that the main mechanism for improving the flame retardancy and smoke suppression performance is due to both the catalytic carbonization of MgAlZn-LDH-PMoA and phosphoric acid compounds and physical barrier function of the char layer. In addition, the molybdenum oxides produced from [PMo12O40]3– during combustion can not only increase the yield and compactness of the char layer but also reduce the release of CO through a redox reaction, which has important application value to reduce the fire hazard.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2023
·
IF 5.9
Wenjie Diao,Zhijun Liu,Guoming Yuan,Enxiang Jiao,Kunxin Wang,Hui Yang,Zhao Li,Kun Wu,Jun Shi
To improve the air stability and smoke-suppression ability of black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNs), a simple strategy was proposed. Through microencapsulation of BPNs with pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA), BPNs@PETA was synthesized. The ZB-BPNs@PETA was obtained through combining zinc borate (ZB) with BPNs@PETA at the ratio of 1:1. The ambient and thermal stability of BPNs was improved after modification due to the protection of PETA shell. The maximum rate of thermal degradation of BPNs for BPNs@PETA and ZB-BPNs@PETA was reduced by 36.87% and 72.38%, respectively, compared with that of BPNs. The results confirmed that PETA and ZB can delay the pyrolysis of BPNs greatly. With the addition of 2.0wt% ZB-BPNs@PETA, the fire safety and thermal stability of EP nanocomposite was improved. EP/ZB-BPNs@PETA 2.0 can pass the UL-94 V-0 rating, and the limited oxygen index value was increased to 32.2% from 25.0%. The values of peak of heat release, total heal release, smoke production rate and total smoke production were reduced by 43.53%, 22.05%, 30.17% and 14.14%, respectively. Additionally, the results of TG-IR showed that ZB-BPNs@PETA can reduce the peak value of absorption intensity of CO by 34.11%, compared with that of EP. From the results of XRD, the presence of Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 , BPO 4 and B 2 O 3 verified the synergistic effect of ZB and BPNs@PETA during combustion. In short, the catalytic dehydration carbonization effect of BPNs improved by PETA and ZB, can largely account for the decrease in fire hazard of EP composites. This work offered a new way to simultaneously improve the smoke-suppression ability and flame-retardant efficiency of BPNs.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2023
·
IF 4.6
Zhenhui Bai,ZhengQi Wang,Jie Jia,Dequn Wu,Xueli Wang,Jianyong Yu,Ruchao Yuan,Faxue Li
The charring enhancement of polymers at high temperatures is essential for improving their anti-dripping, flame inhibition and smoke suppression performance. In this work, a highly thermostable and charring phosphorus-nitrogen (P/N)-based flame retardant (HMCP), which can boost the char-forming of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was synthesized. Amazingly, melt-dripping of PET was completely suppressed as 4 wt% of HMCP was added. For PET composite with 8 wt% of HMCP (PET/HMCP8), its limiting oxygen index increased to 33.6% and the flame self-extinguished within 5 s. Besides, the after-flame time and total smoke production of PET/HMCP8 were reduced by 96.1% and 39.5% respectively compared with pure PET. The enhanced fire safety of PET/HMCP composites was attributed to the barrier effect and the dilution effect produced by the synergism of P/N-based heterocycle and benzimidazole groups. Additionally, PET fabric woven with the filaments prepared by the melt spinning of PET/HBCP4 presented pleasing fire safety and mechanical properties .
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
APPLIED CLAY SCIENCE
·
2018
·
IF 3.641
Ying Pan,Longxiang Liu,Wei Cai,Yuan Hu,Shudong Jiang,Hongting Zhao
In this study, a facile and water-based route was developed for fabricating flame retardant and smoke suppressant flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF). FPUF was deposited with a multilayered coating by layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled method, which was composed of the positively charged polyethyleneimine (PEI) and negatively charged alginate and sepiolite . The prepared coatings were shown to be successfully constructed on the surface of FPUF, as characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Subsequently, the combustion behavior of FPUF was evaluated by cone calorimeter . Results showed that, with 6 bilayers PEI/sepiolite + alginate coating, the peak heat release rate and total heat release of PU-6 were reduced 76% and 27%, respectively, as compared with those of untreated sample. Meanwhile, the deposited coating could effectively reduce the smoke production of FPUF, as evidenced by the remarkable reduction of smoke production rate and total smoke production for the treated FPUF.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
火灾安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2017
·
IF 2.858
Long Yan,Zhisheng Xu,Xinghua Wang
A cyclic phosphate ester acid (PEA) was synthesized by the reaction of phosphoric acid (PA), pentaerythritol (PER) and n -butyl alcohol (BA). Then nano-silica was successfully introduced into the structure of PEA to obtain SPEAs with different nano-silica contents. The chemical structures of PEA and SPEAs were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H NMR). A series of fire-retardant coatings coated on the plywood boards were prepared by mixing of melamine formaldehyde resin with PEA and SPEAs. The transparency analysis indicates that the incorporation of nano-silica into the coatings through chemical grafting method acquires high degree of transparency due to the homogeneous dispersion of each element in the coatings, judging by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The influence of nano-silica on the thermal stability, flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of coatings were investigated in details by cabinet method test, tunnel method test, cone calorimeter test, smoke density test, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TG), FTIR, SEM and EDS. The results show that the values of weight loss, char index, flame spread rating, heat release rate, total heat release, smoke production rate, total smoke release and specific optical density of the coatings are remarkably decreased with the introduction of nano-silica, which is due to the formation of a compact and intumescent char layer during combustion. The TG results demonstrate that the incorporation of nano-silica increases the thermal stability and residual weight of the coatings. The char residue analysis reveals that the nano-silica enhances the char-forming ability, intumescence and antioxidation property of the coatings due to the synergistic effect existed between phosphorus and silicon, leading to a stronger shielding effect in condensed phase. Based on these facts, the introduction of nano-silica could promote the formation of a more compact and intumescent char layer and then effectively reduces the heat and smoke release, thereby enhancing the flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties of coatings.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
火灾安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2022
·
IF 5.518
Ben Ren,Jiaqi Yang,Zhengtao Feng,Bihe Yuan
Developing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites with excellent fire-safe properties is greatly significant to expand the application fields. Two-dimensional MXene has been proven effective in reducing fire hazards of TPU whereas its poor dispersion in TPU is a serious concern. Herein, benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride and victoria blue B modified Ti 3 C 2 were synthesized through interface engineering methods and TPU composites were prepared via severally introducing the two modified Ti 3 C 2 by solvent mixing and hot pressing measures. No apparent agglomeration is observed, suggesting uniform dispersion of functionalized Ti 3 C 2 in TPU. The TPU composites present superior performances in flame retardancy and smoke suppression, and the distinguished fire safety can be attributed to the physical barrier and catalytic charring effect of functionalized Ti 3 C 2 and TiO 2 . This research presents a convenient way to obtain functionalized Ti 3 C 2 , enriching the future applications of MXene as flame retardant and reducing the fire hazards of TPU.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
火灾安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2020
·
IF 4.032
Xiaosui Chen,Yihan Ma,Yin-Jia Cheng,Aiqing Zhang,Wei Liu,Hongfu Zhou
A novel hyperbranched polyphosphamide with abundant terminal groups of silane (HBPPA-Si) was synthesized from phosphorus oxychloride (POCl 3 ), 4, 4′-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) and (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES), which had high thermal stability with a residual weight of 44.0 wt% at 800°C in nitrogen atmosphere. By incorporating 25 wt% of APP and HBPPA-Si with an optimum mass ratio of 1:1 into polypropylene (PP) composites, the PP/APP/HBPPA-Si composite reached V-0 rating at the UL-94 test and also obtained a maximum LOI value of 27.5%. Meanwhile, their peak heat release rates (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke production (TSP) reduced dramatically by 72.5%, 35.8%, and 62.7% respectively, when compared with virgin PP. The improved flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PP/APP/HBPPA-Si composite were ascribed to their excellent synergistic effect working efficiently in both condensed-phase and gas-phase actions. It is noticeable that the high-quality and high-quantity char residue possessing thermal-stable P- and Si-containing cross-linked structures can shield the underlying polymeric materials from further hydrolysis and simultaneously insulate the volatile fuel and heat transfer. Moreover, the weak polar silane shell of HBPPA-Si improved the interfacial compatibility of APP within the PP matrix, leading to enhanced mechanical properties with increasing HBPPA-Si concentration.
研究领域:
高分子化学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
APPLIED CLAY SCIENCE
·
2022
·
IF 5.907
Yuanmeng Lou,Haiyun Ma,Yanyue Su,Yiheng Ma,Le Yang,Hong Zhang,Jianzhong Xu
Halloysite (Hal) nanotubes have become a good nano-carrier of flame retardant systems. In the present work, cavity expansion of Hal was achieved by etching with sulfuric acid to improve its loading capacity. Then, copper phytate was synthesized and encapsulated in the Hal to obtain Phyt-Cu@Hal. Finally, a sulfonyldiphenol-containing polyphosphazene derivative (PZS) was polymerized and wrapped on Phyt-Cu@Hal external surface to form a hierarchical nanohybrid structure (Phyt-Cu@Hal@PZS). Herein, Phyt-Cu encapsulated in Hal acts as catalyzing and char-forming agents while the wrapped PZS acts as an interfacial compatibilizer which can improve the dispersion and flame retardancy of Phyt-Cu@Hal@PZS in the EP matrix. The flame retardancy and smoke suppression of the corresponding EP nanocomposites were significantly enhanced due to the synergistic effect of Phyt-Cu@Hal@PZS. After adding 5 wt% Phyt-Cu@Hal@PZS, the peak heat release rate and smoke release rate were reduced maximally by 34.3% and 42.1%, respectively. Moreover, the char residue was also greatly enhanced which is 97.3 times higher than that of neat EP. The flame retardant mechanism of Phyt-Cu@Hal@PZS was assumed that the Phyt-Cu immobilized within the Hal could distinctly inhibit the flammable pyrolysis products; the external PZS layer promotes the char formation of EP matrix; the nanoscale combination of Phyt-Cu, Hal and PZS could further enhance the catalyzing carbonization to produce a physical barrier effect.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2025
·
IF 2.8
Hongbo Xiao,Xin Huang,Wanyu Huang,Yufei Peng
In order to improve the flame retardancy, smoke suppressing, and mechanical properties of epoxy resins (EP), while pursuing low toxicity, environmental protection, and sustainable development, a reactive biobased flame retardant (TVD) containing P/N was synthesized by the one-pot method. The flame retardant, consisting of vanillin, 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine, and DOPO as reactants, contained reactive groups in its structure and was introduced as a co-curing agent into the DDM-cured EP system. EP/TVD10 (at a phosphorus content of 0.58 wt%) achieved a UL-94 V-0 rating with an increased limit oxygen index (LOI) value of 34.2% (26.5% for pure EP), and the cone calorimetric test (CCT) results showed a decrease in total heat release (THR) values of 33.8% and a decrease in total smoke production rate (TSP) of 21.1% compared to pure EP. In addition, the introduction of TVD improved the mechanical properties of the epoxy resin, with an increase in flexural strength and modulus of 8.7% and 6.5% and a slight increase in impact toughness for EP/TVD10. These results indicate that TVD is a multifunctional and efficient bio-based flame retardant, which provides new ideas for the development of high-performance modified epoxy resin materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
·
2025
·
IF 5.1
Jinpeng Song,Haotian Hao,Yufei Yang,Yuehu Zhang,Qing Yu,Liang Song,Guiqing Cheng,Zhongwei Wang,Yuxi Han
The development of biodegradable polymers that simultaneously exhibit flame retardancy and smoke suppression remains a significant challenge. In this work, a bio-based flame retardant (PA-AB) was synthesized from phytic acid (PA) and 2-aminobenzimidazole (AB) via a facile one-step reaction and incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA) by melt blending. At a low loading of 1.0 wt%, PA-AB enabled PLA to achieve a UL-94 V-0 rating with a limiting oxygen index of 26.5 % and effectively suppressed melt dripping. Cone calorimetry results showed that PLA/PA-AB-1.0 exhibited a prolonged ignition time, a slight reduction in heat release, and a pronounced decrease in total smoke release (89.3 %) compared with neat PLA, demonstrating the combined flame-retardant and smoke-suppressing effects of PA-AB. Mechanistic analysis suggests that PA-AB predominantly acts in the gas phase, with a limited contribution in the condensed phase. In addition, PA-AB enhanced the ultraviolet-shielding capability of PLA without significantly compromising optical transparency. Mechanical testing revealed that PLA/PA-AB-1.0 retained 73 % of the tensile strength and 87 % of the elongation at break of neat PLA. Enzymatic degradation studies further indicated that PA-AB accelerated the degradation behavior of PLA. This study provides an effective approach for designing multifunctional, bio-based flame-retardant PLA materials.
研究领域:
高分子材料科学
·
阻燃材料
·
生物可降解聚合物
·
火灾安全工程
·
绿色化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING
·
2022
·
IF 9.463
Keqing Zhou,Kaili Gong,Feiyan Gao,Lian Yin
The creation of high-efficient MXene-based flame retardants to cope with the fire hazards of polymer composites remained an intractable challenge. Hence, this work explored a facile strategy to synthesize MXene-based nanohybrids (MXene@LDH) by in situ growth of layered double hydroxides (CoAl-LDH) on the surface of MXene in anticipation of constructing an efficient flame retardant system. The results indicated that the integration of LDH prevented the stacking of MXene nanosheets and enhanced the dispersion of MXene in EP matrix, endowing EP composites with excellent thermal properties and flame retardancy. With the addition of 2 wt% MXene@LDH, EP composites exhibited reduced the maximum mass loss rate (R max ) of 28.5%, increased residual char and led to 25.3% reduction in PHRR and a drop of 24.4% in THR, compared to those of neat EP. Furthermore, EP/2 wt% MXene@LDH composites also demonstrated superior smoke suppression performance, mainly reflected by the 38.5%, 37.8%, 33.8% and 31.2% reduction in PSPR, TSP, PCO and PCO 2 , respectively, together with a 52.0% decline in smoke factor (SF), compared to those of pure EP. The improved fire safety of EP composites was attributed to the catalytic charring and attenuation effect of the transition metal oxides , coupled with the barrier effect of the nanosheets and the cooling effect, gas-phase dilution effect of LDH.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
纳米技术
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2023
·Vol. 61
·期 20
·2426-2439
·
IF 3.4
Siyu Jiang,Sheng Li,Xuhui Yang,Lubin Liu,Xiaoli Li,Miaojun Xu
Cerium-containing metal organic framework defined as Ce-MOF was prepared and then combined with piperazine pyrophosphate (PAPP) for preparing flame retardant ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer composites. The samples of EVA/PAPP/Ce-MOF achieved UL-94 V-0 rating with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 31.3% when 17 wt% PAPP/Ce-MOF with the mass fraction of 97:3 was introduced. Under the same loading amount of PAPP, the EVA/PAPP only obtained UL-94 V-1 rating with the LOI value of 26.9%. Cone calorimeter test confirmed that the total heat release and total smoke production of EVA/PAPP/Ce-MOF significantly reduced from 132.8 MJ m −2 and 11.5 m 2 for EVA/PAPP to 98.8 MJ m −2 and 7.3 m 2 , with a reduction of 25.6% and 36.5%, respectively. Besides, the maximum smoke density decreased from 488.8 and 375.9 for EVA and EVA/PAPP to 177.5 for EVA/PAPP/Ce-MOF. It indicated that the addition of Ce-MOF and PAPP effectively exerted synergistic flame retardant and smoke inhibition effect for EVA. Moreover, the addition of Ce-MOF enhanced the compatibility of PAPP with EVA matrix, and water resistance of EVA/PAPP/Ce-MOF was higher than that of EVA/PAPP. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy texts of residual char of EVA composites indicated that the cerium ion complexed with phosphoric acid and polyphosphate generated by the thermal decomposition of PAPP and then more phosphorus elements remained in condensed phase. As a result, the sufficient, crosslinking and dense char layer with excellent intensity was formed, and the heat, combustible gas and smoke were efficiently inhibited. Consequently, the EVA materials were endowed excellent fire safety as well as low heat and smoke release. Graphical
研究领域:
材料科学
·
火灾安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）