POLYMER BULLETIN
·
2025
·
IF 4
Wang Ying,Ibupoto Fahim Ahmed,Li Jie
In the current study, the waste hemp fibre (HF)-reinforced sandwich-structured green laminates with biobased epoxy/benzoxazine resin were developed and subjected to simulated weathering for several sets of humidity (50–90%) and temperature (20–40 °C). Effects of each set of simulated weathering conditions on moisture absorption and mechanical and thermal properties of sandwich-structured green laminates were systematically studied. The developed laminates showed moderate mechanical and thermal properties. The findings showed gradual enhancements in moisture absorption as the humidity and temperature were increased in the simulated weathering conditions. Moreover, experimental investigation established apparent adverse effects on tensile and flexural properties; samples exposed at 40 °C and 90% humidity yielded the lowest strength and modulus values, resulting in a 23.58 and 13.59% decline in tensile and flexural strengths, respectively. The impact strength results confirmed considerable differences compared to tensile and flexural properties; the recorded value (18.23 ± 0.26 kJ/m 2 ) after exposure to the simulated weathering at 40 °C and 90% humidity was 2.71 kJ/m 2 higher than the control specimen. Thermal stability analysis was conducted in terms of initial degradation temperature (T 5 and T 10 ), char yield, limiting oxygen index, and heat resistance index (HRI) values for the control sample, which were recorded as 344.8, 419.8 °C, 47.81%, 36.62%, and 206.58 °C, respectively. After exposure to the simulated weathering at 40 °C and 90% humidity, a significant decline was observed in all parameters. The heat tolerance of the composite specimen was recorded as 165 °C.
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REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
·
2026
·
IF 5.4
Wei Zhang,Yu Luo,Liwu Zu,Shaobo Dong,Tianyu Lan,Jun Liu,Litao Xu
In this study, a high-performance bifunctional benzoxazine monomer (designated as TDT-fa) was successfully synthesized via a two-step approach using eugenol, furfurylamine, paraformaldehyde, and 1,1,5,5-tetramethyl-3,3-diphenyl trisiloxane as raw materials. The chemical structure of the product was comprehensively characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), confirming the successful synthesis of the target molecule. The curing kinetics behavior of TDT-fa was deeply studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The apparent activation energies of its curing reaction were calculated using the Kissinger method and the Ozawa method, with the values being 100.60 kJ/mol and 112.22 kJ/mol respectively. The two values were close. Further analysis was conducted using the Starink method, and the average apparent activation energy of the curing reaction was finally determined to be 111.14 kJ/mol. It was also confirmed that the reaction mechanism of this curing reaction conforms to the characteristics of autocatalytic reaction. The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA and DTG) show that the residual carbon rate (Yc) of TDT-fa at 800 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere is as high as 50.41%, indicating that this resin has excellent thermal stability. Furthermore, the solidified TDT-fa resin exhibits unique reprocessability. Under specific conditions, it can achieve nearly 100% reprocessability. This characteristic effectively addresses the environmental pollution problem caused by traditional benzene pyrazine resins after use, providing an important basis for its application in the field of high-performance and environmentally friendly materials.
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Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers
·
2026
·
IF 6.4
Jun Wu,Gang Pan,Ming Jin,Jiahao Bai,Tailong Shi,Yong Li
The catalytic reductive amination of biomass-derived carbonyl compounds into value-added primary amines has attracted significant attention in renewable biomass upgrading. Herein, highly dispersed Ru clusters embedded nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres (Ru@NHCS) catalysts were constructed, which achieved a 100% furfurylamine (FUA) yield, and exhibited the superior initial reaction rate of 3745.7 mmol gRu-1 h-1 and turnover frequency of 378.58 h-1 in the reductive amination of biomass-derived furfural. Systematic structure characterization indicated that the presence of abundant N species promoted the uniform dispersion of Ru clusters and induced the electronic metal-support interaction (EMSI) between Ru and NHCS support, thus leading to the formation of bifunctional Ru0 and Ruδ+ active sites. Structure-activity relationship study demonstrated that the synergistic catalysis of Ru0 and Ruδ+ active sites effectively promoted the adsorption and activation of H2 and NH3 molecules, and accelerated the hydrogenation of imine and the aminolysis of Schiff base intermediates, thereby achieving the highly selective synthesis of FUA under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, the Ru@NHCS catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic stability in the five consecutive cycles, and showed broad substrate applicability for sustainable primary amine synthesis. This work not only unveils rational design strategies for developing efficient, stable metal catalysts to achieve highly selective synthesis of value-added primary amines but also provides essential theoretical guidance for efficient biomass conversion.
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Polymers
·
2026
·Vol. 18
·期 2
·184
·
IF 4.9
Xi Yuan,Zhineng Tan,Shengwen Liu,Hang Luo,Zhuo Chen,Dou Zhang
Toughening modification of epoxy resin (EP) matrices is important for advancing high-performance fiber-reinforced composites. A promising strategy involves the use of multi-component additive systems. However, synergistic effects in such additive systems are difficult to achieve for multidimensional performance optimization due to insufficient interfacial interactions and competing toughening mechanisms. Herein, a “hard–soft” biphasic synergistic toughening system was engineered for epoxy resin, composed of furan-ring-grafted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (FPOSS) and liquid polysulfide rubber. The hybrid toughening agent significantly enhanced the integrated performance of the epoxy system: Young’s modulus, tensile strength, and elongation at break increased by 13%, 56%, and 101%, respectively. These improvements are attributed to the formation of enriched molecular chain entanglement sites and optimized dispersion, facilitated by nucleophilic addition reactions between flexible rubber segments and rigid FPOSS units with the epoxy matrix. The marked enhancement in toughness primarily stems from the synergistic toughening mechanism involving “crazing pinning” and “crazing-shear band”. Concurrently, FPOSS incorporation effectively modulated the curing reaction kinetics, rendering the process more gradual while substantially elevating the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the cured system by 16.82 °C and endowing it with superior thermal degradation stability. This work provides a simple and unique strategy to leverage multi-scale mechanisms for the construction of epoxy-based composites with good toughness and strength, and enhanced heat resistance.
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POLYMER
·
2026
·
IF 5.1
Libang Feng,Danbin Zhu,Han Zhang,Qiong Bu,Haoran Chen,Chenyang Guo,Kaige Jiao,Yanhua Liu,Jianbin Zhang,Jiaofeng Ye
Self–healing polyurethanes relying on a single dynamic covalent bond often face trade-offs between mechanical performance and healing efficiency. In this work, we developed an innovative self-healing elastomer by strategically incorporating imine bonds into a Diels–Alder (DA) adduct-based polyurethane. The resulting material exhibited exceptional mechanical properties, achieving a tensile strength of 26.9 MPa and an elongation at break of 513.3%. Remarkably, PUDI retained 90.0% of its tensile strength and recovered 71.9% of dissipated energy after 10 fatigue cycles at room temperature. This dual dynamic bonds system enabled outstanding self–healing performance, complete healing at 120 °C—significantly surpassing conventional DA–based polyurethanes. Moreover, the material maintained a high repair capability at reduced temperatures, demonstrating consistent healing efficiencies of 94.3%, 90.9%, and 79.2% over three damage–repair cycles. Notably, the incorporation of dynamic imine bonds significantly enhanced degradation performance, primarily due to improved chain mobility and dynamic network rearrangement. This work overcomes fundamental limitations of traditional self-healing polyurethanes, offering a promising platform for advanced applications in flexible electronics, protective coatings, and biomedical devices.
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POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2025
·
IF 7.4
Gang Tang,Feilong Wang,Wei Yang,Cunlong Fu,Zicheng Xu,Xiuyu Liu,Xiaoyan Du,Xin Wang
Currently, most commercial epoxy thermosets are derived from the thermal curing of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)-type epoxy prepolymers, whose manufacture is highly dependent upon fossil resources. Over the past decade, increasing efforts have been devoted to developing bio-based epoxy monomers to replace DGEBA-type epoxy prepolymers for sustainable development. Another shortcoming of DGEBA-type epoxy thermosets is their high fire risk. To overcome the above issues, a bio-based epoxy monomer, N, N-diglycidyl furfurylamine (DGFA), was synthesized from furfurylamine, and a bio-based flame retardant (DFDA-DPPO) was also synthesized from furfurylamine, furfural, and diphenylphosphine oxide (DPPO). DFDA-DPPO was incorporated into DGFA at different loadings to prepare a series of flame-retardant bio-based epoxy thermosets, with 4, 4’-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) as a hardener. The influence of DFDA-DPPO on the curing kinetics, thermal stability, mechanical strength and flame-retardant properties of DGFA/DDM thermosets was investigated. Specifically, the DGFA/DDM thermoset with a 1.5 % phosphorus content achieved a tensile strength of 81.9 MPa, an impact strength of 16.7 kJ/m 2 , an LOI of 33.5 %, a UL94 V-0 rating, and a glass transition temperature of 98.5 °C. Furthermore, the flame-retardant mechanisms of DFDA-DPPO were also studied in both the condensed and gaseous phases. This work provides a good substitute for DGEBA in the fabrication of bio-based epoxy thermosets with combined mechanical properties, thermal stability and flame retardancy.
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Polymer Chemistry
·
2023
·Vol. 14
·期 14
·1613-1621
·
IF 4.6
Haoran Sun,Junyi Jiang,Yanglei Zheng,Shuangfei Xiang,Shujun Zhao,Feiya Fu,Xiangdong Liu
The development of bio-based phenols to replace bisphenol A (BPA) is an ongoing challenge in the polymer industry. In this work, we recommend a renewable bisphenol, bisguaiacol amide (BGA), which is synthesized from vanillic acid and vanillyl amine, to realize superior material performance to its benzoxazine resin. To demonstrate the important role of the amide group in BGA, an analogous bisphenol, bisguaiacol ester (BGE), is synthesized from vanillic acid and vanillyl alcohol for comparative investigation. A series of cytotoxicity tests confirm that the two renewable bisphenols are significantly safe for humans when compared to BPA. Furthermore, material performance comparisons between their benzoxazine resins, poly(BGA-fa) and poly(BGE-fa), reveal that the former is superior to the latter in terms of the storage modulus (2.0 vs. 1.8 GPa), Tg (170 vs. 152 °C), thermal stability (Td10% = 363 vs. 339 °C) and tensile strength (78 vs. 63 MPa). It can be inferred that the hydrogen bonds provied by amide group are responsible for the improved properties. The results from the comparative study provide a robust way to develop new biobased polymers of high performance.
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POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2023
·
IF 5.9
Yang Wang,Dong Wang,Mengfei Zhang,Dong Wang,Ting Li,Jie Jiang,Mingqing Chen,Weifu Dong
Highly efficient flame retardants for polylactic acid (PLA) are not easy to prepare, let alone fully bio-based ones. Herein, the furfurylamine phytate (PAF) was simply fabricated using phytic acid and furfurylamine in the ethanol solutions. Furthermore, the PAF could provide PLA with high flame retardancy with low loadings. The flame retardancy of PLA/PAF composites was investigated by the limited oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning tests, and cone calorimeter tests. The PLA containing 2 phr PAF showed the highest LOI value (around 34.2%) and self-extinguished without igniting cotton in the vertical burning test. Meanwhile, the peak of heat release and total heat release decreased compared with the neat PLA. Moreover, the PLA/PAF 1.5 composite could achieve the balance between the mechanical property and flame retardancy. This findings provided a facile and green method for fully bio-based flame-retardant PLA composites to expand the practical applications of PLA, such as electrics, building, and transportation.
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Biomaterials Science
·
2023
·Vol. 11
·期 10
·3629-3644
·
IF 6.6
Huitong Luo,Zetao Wang,Zhichao He,Zemin Ling,Hao Wang,Jiayi Zhu,Jingjun Nie,Dafu Chen,Qi Feng,Xiaodong Cao
Overactive inflammatory cascade accompanied by oxidative stress in the nucleus pulposus exacerbates intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). Hydrogels have been demonstrated to be promising in treating IVDD, yet they remain less efficacious in the case of anti-inflammation associated with antioxidation. In this study, we designed an injectable self-antioxidant hydrogel (HA/CS) with enhanced inflammation inhibitory performance for delivering chondroitin sulfate (CS) with well-documented anti-inflammatory property to treat IVDD. The hydrogel was rapidly formed via dynamic boronate ester bonding between furan/phenylboronic acid and furan/dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid (HA), and mechanically enhanced by Diels–Alder reaction-induced secondary crosslinking, partial dopamine groups of which contribute to grafting phenylboronic acid-modified CS (CS-PBA). This hydrogel exhibits favorable injectability, mechanical property, and pH-responsive delivery behavior. The dopamine moiety endows the hydrogel with efficient antioxidative property. By sustained delivery of CS, the HA/CS hydrogel is well competent to inhibit inflammatory cytokine expression and maintain anabolic/catabolic balance in an inflammation-simulated environment. Most importantly, the HA/CS hydrogel significantly ameliorates degeneration in a puncture-induced IVDD rat model. The self-antioxidant HA/CS hydrogel designed in this work may serve as a novel and promising therapeutic platform for IVDD.
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高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2023
·Vol. 61
·期 13
·1279-1288
·
IF 3.4
Yuqi Liu,Li Yuan,Guozheng Liang,Aijuan Gu
Benzoxazine resins from benzoxazine monomers synthesized with green strategies often do not have high thermal resistance and mechanical strength. Herein, starting from renewable resources citraconic anhydride, furfurylamine and tyramine, a new benzoxazine monomer ( CT-fa ) was synthesized and purified in green solvents (ethanol and ethyl acetate), which has excellent molding processability reflected by low melting point (84.9 °C) and low curing temperature (207–245 °C). More attractively, the cured CT-fa resin ( poly(CT-fa) ) has both high glass transition temperature (281 °C) and high initial thermal decomposition temperature (407 °C), the former is higher than those of all monofunctional benzoxazine resins synthesized though green strategies in literature, and the latter is even higher than those of all benzoxazine resins synthesized by green strategies (SCI database). In addition, poly(CT-fa) also has high storage modulus (3955 MPa) and good tensile strength (51.60 MPa). These attractive properties demonstrate that poly(CT-fa) is a promising green high performance resins. Graphical
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CARBON
·
2023
·
IF 10.9
Chengsen Li,Yuqing Dong,Xiaomin Yuan,Zhijie Qiu,Ye Zhang,Shuhan Yan,Xueping Gao,Bo Zhu
A new simple and continuous method was developed for chemically grafting multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) onto the surface of carbon fibers (CF) to improve the interlaminar properties of composites. In this method, maleimide-grafted waterborne polyurethane emulsion and furan functionalized MWCNTs were prepared. Then, based on the Diels-Alder reaction under mild reaction conditions (60 °C), CF/MWCNTs multi-scale reinforcements (MSCF) were successfully prepared through a two-step method of MWPU sizing and MWCNTs ultrasonic grafting, which overcame the complex process flow, greatly shortened the preparation time and avoided damage to fibers. The successful grafting of MWCNTs was proved by the results of SEM and HRTEM . After grafting MWCNTs, the interface between the matrix and fibers was enhanced. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and flexural strength of MSCF/epoxy reinforced composites were promoted to 64.54 MPa and 981.95 MPa, which was prominently increased by 52.84% and 32.32%, respectively. In addition, this process could match the current production of carbon fibers for commercialization , but further research was expected to control the grafting amount of MWCNTs and their impact on performance.
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EUROPEAN POLYMER JOURNAL
·
2023
·
IF 6
Hafezeh Nabipour,Xin Wang,Yuan Hu
A new renewable material, comprising a Schiff base epoxy thermoset derived from furan derivatives, was successfully synthesized. This innovative material not only possesses remarkable carbon fiber recyclability but also exhibits favorable mechanical properties and flame retardancy. After being cured with the bio-based curing agent, 5,5′-methylenedifurfurylamine, the cured Schiff base epoxy thermoset exhibited an ultra-high char yield of 54% and a glass transition temperature of 207 °C. Compared to bisphenol A epoxy resin, it achieved a 100% higher yield. Furthermore, the cured Schiff base epoxy thermoset demonstrated a high storage modulus (at 30 °C) of 2695 MPa and a tensile modulus of 60 MPa, surpassing bisphenol A epoxy resin. Remarkably, the exceptional structure of the Schiff base epoxy thermoset imparted intrinsic flame retardancy, resulting in a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. The thermoset also exhibited considerable recyclability in carbon fiber composites due to its Schiff base network. Moreover, it could be nondestructively and quickly recycled under mildly acidic conditions, enabling efficient recycling of the carbon fiber composites.
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