COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2025
·
IF 5.4
Yao Deng,Ying-Ming Li,Wen-Juan Hu,Hang-Ping Fang,De-Yi Wang
Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), widely utilized as a thermal insulation material, presents considerable fire safety concerns. The combustion of RPUF generates significant heat, which poses serious risks to both human health and the environment. In an effort to improve the flame retardancy of RPUF while preserving its thermal insulation and compressive properties, this research introduced a novel flame retardant, DOPO-AZ, synthesized from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and 2-aminothiazole (AZ). The incorporation of 17 wt% DOPO-AZ into RPUF resulted in the composite achieving a UL-94 V-0 classification, with the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increasing from 19.5 % to 24 %, and a reduction of 27.9 % in the peak heat release rate (PHRR) compared to pure RPUF. This study successfully enhanced flame retardancy while maintaining the thermal conductivity of RPUF at 0.034 W/(m·K), comparable to that of pure RPUF, and significantly improved its compressive strength by 25.8 %. The synergistic flame-retardant mechanisms of the RPUF/DOPO-AZ 17 composite in both condensed and gas phases were elucidated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the future design of more effective flame-retardant systems.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
·
2021
·
IF 8.128
Zhenting Yin,Jingyi Lu,Ningning Hong,Wenhua Cheng,Pengfei Jia,Huijuan Wang,Weizhao Hu,Bibo Wang,Lei Song,Yuan Hu
Flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) is the most used polyurethane, but the highly flammable characteristic limits its widespread usage. In this work, ZIF-8@Ti 3 C 2 T x was synthesized to reduce the heat and toxic gases of FPUF. Flame-retardant FPUF was characterized by cone calorimeter (Cone), thermogravimetric analysis/fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), tensile and compression tests. Compared with pure FPUF, these results showed that the peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), CO and HCN of FPUF6 decreased by 46%, 69%, 27% and 43.5%, respectively. Moreover, the tensile and compression strength of FPUF6 demonstrated a 52% and 130% increment, respectively. The superior dual metal catalytical charring-forming effect and physical barrier effect of ZIF-8@Ti 3 C 2 T x were achieved. In summary, a simple and reliable strategy for preparing flame-retardant FPUF with reinforced mechanical and fire safety properties was provided.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
·
2021
·
IF 8.067
Chang Liu,Hongying Li,Rui Cheng,Jiazhuang Guo,Guo-Xing Li,Qing Li,Cai-Feng Wang,Xiaoning Yang,Su Chen
Facile strategy enabling the fabrication of carbon dots (CDs) with favorable performance useful for various applications is highly desirable. Here, we report the fabrication of highly fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) towards sensitive metal ion detection, brightly fluorescent printing pattern, as well as green flame retardants for synthetic polymeric materials. CDs are synthesized by solvothermal treatment of polypropylene carbonate (PPC) with ethylenediamine, and the quantum yield of CDs could increase from 30% to 86% by further adding trace of citric acid. The abundant functional groups on the surface of CDs allow CDs well incorporated into polymers to form CD-loaded polystyrene (PS) microspheres, which are employed to construct fluorescent supraballs via triphase microfluidic technique and used as “inks” for uniform fluorescent patterns. Interestingly, the resultant CDs show good flame retardancy for highly flammable polymeric foams and fibers. The CDs surpass previously reported flame-retardant additives, to show excellent combustion resistance that the addition of 20 wt% CDs causes 75% decrease in the peak of heat release rate (P-HRR) for polyurethane (PU) foams. Significantly, a molecular dynamics simulation process for PU/CDs combustion is constructed. This work may spur the preparation and application of high-performance carbon-based nanomaterials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2020
·
IF 4.032
Shi-Lin Zeng,Cheng-Yuan Xing,Li Chen,Long Xu,Bang-Jing Li,Sheng Zhang
Flexible polyurethane (PU) foam is one of the most versatile materials, which has a widely range of applications. However, flexible PU foam it is easily ignitable and highly flammable. This study developed a kind of post-modification method to prepare inherent FR PU foam, which use β-CD as chain extender and introduce FR additive through a facile esterification between phosphoric acid and β-CD moiety in PU foams. The morphology and elasticity of PU still maintained after the modification of PU. β-CDs, as a bio-resources, can not only act as polyol carbon sources to promote carbon formation, but also crosslinked with phosphate ester and PU matrix through P–O–C bonds to form compact carbon layer during the combustion. This dense carbon layer effectively isolates the heat source of the flame, resulting in great improvement of combustion resistance. The time to ignition for 15% CD-H 3 PO 4 -PUF foam reached 152 s, which was over 10 times longer than that of pure PU foams. And the foam immediately self-extinguished when the flame was removed. The THR of 15% CD-H 3 PO 4 -PUF foam decreased by 70.43% compared to that of neat PU foam. The significant delay of TTI and reduction of THR can reduce the hazards of flame spread greatly.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Polymers
·
2023
·Vol. 15
·期 24
·4709
·
IF 5
Xu Li,Chang Liu,Xinyu An,Li Niu,Jacko Feng,Zhiming Liu
Lignin was utilized as an environmentally friendly synergistic agent to augment the fire resistance and mechanical characteristics of rigid polyurethane foam (PUF)/melamine–formaldehyde resin ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP). The incorporation of lignin significantly enhanced the charring capability and flame retardancy of PUF/MFAPP. Specifically, PUF/MFAPP12/A-lignin3exhibited a charring residue of 23.1% at 800 °C, accompanied by an increase in the limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 23.1%, resulting in a UL-94 V-0 rating. The cone calorimeter test (CCT) revealed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), smoke production rate (SPR), and total smoke production (TSP) values of PUF/MFAPP12/A-lignin3were all lower than for pure PUF. MFAPP and alkali lignin exerted a noticeable influence on the physical and mechanical properties, leading to increases in density (35.4 kg/m3), thermal conductivity (32.68 mW/(m·K)), and compressive strength (160.5 kPa). Observations of the morphology and elemental composition of char residues after combustion indicated the formation of an intact, thick, and continuous char layer enriched with nitrogen and phosphorus elements, which acted as a protective shield for the underlying foam.Keywords:alkali lignin;rigid polyurethane foam;flame retardancy;mechanical properties
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY
·
2023
·Vol. 100
·期 7
·561-577
·
IF 2
Shuai Wang,Fukai Yang,Wei Sun,Xinyu Xu,Yuyuan Deng
Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is prepared from petroleum-based polyols and isocyanate, which consumes a large amount of petroleum. To alleviate the consumption of petroleum, it is necessary to synthesize green and sustainable polyols. However, the greatest disadvantage of RPUF is its flammability. To reduce the risk of fire caused by RPUF, phosphorylated soybean oil polyol (Polyol-P) and phenyl phospho-soybean oil polyol (Polyol-PPOA) were synthesized by ring-opening reactions of epoxy soybean oil with phosphoric acid and phenylphosphonic acid, respectively. A flame-retardant RPUF was prepared via polymeric 4,4-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (p-MDI), which reacted after mixing Polyol-P and Polyol-PPOA with polyether polyol-330N in different proportions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the cell sizes of the RPUF-P and RPUF-PPOA increased first and then decreased and the cell number decreased first and then increased with the increase in the contents of Polyol-P and Polyol-PPOA. Mechanical property tests showed that the compressive strength of the RPUF-P4 reached 0.1 MPa, and the compressive strength of the RPUF-PPOA4 reached 0.07 MPa. The limiting oxygen index values of the RPUF-P4 and RPUF-PPOA4 were 20.9% and 24.3%, respectively. The UL 94 of the RPUFs indicated that the rating of the RPUF-PPOA3 was improved to V-1. The results showed that the flame-retardancy mechanism of the Polyol-P and Polyol-PPOA in the RPUF was based on the charred surface as a physical barrier, which slowed down the decomposition of RPUF and prevented heat and mass transfer between the gas and the condensed phase.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER
·
2018
·
IF 3.483
Shui-Xiu Wang,Hai-Bo Zhao,Wen-Hui Rao,Sheng-Chao Huang,Ting Wang,Wang Liao,Yu-Zhong Wang
In an effort to overcome issues encountered in additive flame retardants for rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs), a novel reactive flame-retardant triol (TDHTPP) based on a triazine and phosphate structure was designed and synthesized. This triol was chemically incorporated in the main chains of RPUFs as a chain-extender to prepare inherently flame-retardant RPUFs. TDHTPP showed good solubility in the polyols (polyol 4110 and PEG 400) of RPUF, making it convenient for industrial fabrication, such as in spay foaming. Excellent compatibility of TDHTPP with the polymer matrix endowed flame-retardant RPUFs (FR-RPUFs) much higher compressive strength than that of the neat RPUF, and a low thermal conductivity of ∼0.03 W/(m·K). Notably, with only 5 wt% of TDHTPP incorporated, the resultant RPUF displayed a UL-94 V-0 rating and more importantly, exhibited a great persistent flame retardancy during thermal accelerated aging tests at 140 °C for 96 h. Further characterization revealed that TDHTPP possessed both vapor-phase and condensed-phase flame-retardant behaviors, in which, vapor-phase action was dominant. This work provides a facile route to synthesize RPUFs with persistent flame retardancy, excellent thermal insulation and mechanical properties .
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
·
2019
·
IF 7.65
Meng-En Li,Shui-Xiu Wang,Lin-Xuan Han,Wen-Jie Yuan,Jin-Bo Cheng,Ai-Ning Zhang,Hai-Bo Zhao,Yu-Zhong Wang
Polyurethane foam (PUF) is widely used in building insulation field but highly flammable. In an effort to develop an efficient way to reduce flammability and smoke release of PUF without sacrificing its inherent merits, a novel strategy has been proposed to decorate silica aerogels onto the surface of PUF to fabricate hierarchically porous SiO 2 /PUF composites. Due to the unique hierarchically porous structure, the resultant composites showed superior thermal insulation with a lower thermal conductivity of 0.0282 W/(m K). The introduction of silica aerogels also effectively improved the compressive strength, almost 220% of that of neat PUF. Notably, the SiO 2 /PUF composites were rendered self-extinguishing in vertical burning tests and had a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 32.5%. Cone calorimetry (CC) tests revealed that the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and peak smoke production release (PSPR) of the SiO 2 /PUF composites were reduced by 40.4% and 45.6%, respectively. Particularly, the specific optical density (Ds) of the composites displayed as 55.7% reduction in the smoke density chamber tests, showing excellent smoke-suppression. The mechanism analysis suggested that a compact silica-rich hybrid barrier formed, preventing thermal degradation products and energy transfer during combustion. These results indicate SiO 2 /PUF composites have enormous potential as building insulation materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF POLYMERS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
·
2025
·
IF 5
Xie Shuangyu,Xie Yuhui,Lan Lugui,Wu Feng,Feng Dong,Meng Yang,Mei Yi,Xie Delong
In recent years, the development of bio-based flame retardants for flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) has become essential, particularly due to environmental and health concerns associated with traditional petrochemical-derived additives. This study reports the successful synthesis of a novel bio-based flame retardant, NMDPLA, using renewable precursors: meglumine, phytic acid, and phenylboronic acid. NMDPLA was combined with protonated chitosan and ammonium polyphosphate through electrostatic self-assembly to create an intumescent flame retardant (APCS). The incorporation of NMDPLA and APCS notably enhances both mechanical properties and flame retardancy of FPUF. The formulation containing 40 wt% NMDPLA in total polyol and 3.0 wt% APCS achieved a Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) of 23.6, showed no droplet formation in UL-94 tests, and produced a complete carbon residue. Cone calorimetry results demonstrated reductions in total heat release (THR) and peak heat release rate (PHRR) by 22.65% and 20.48%, respectively, compared to pure foam. Balancing mechanical performance and flame retardancy poses a significant challenge, as traditional additives often compromise one for the other. This work underscores the necessity of developing bio-based alternatives that effectively address this balance, enhancing fire safety while preserving material integrity and supporting the transition to sustainable solutions.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2025
·
IF 7.4
Yan Liu,Yanjun Zhu,Jie Chen,Yongqian Shi,Yijie Zhang,Libi Fu,Longcheng Tang,Jiefeng Gao,Pingan Song,Ting Qiu
In extreme environments, the simultaneous presence of mechanical impact and fire hazards poses significant challenges for single flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) protective materials. To address these limitations, we developed an innovative multilayer coating structure for FPUF using a simple dip-drying method. This structure comprises a polydopamine (PDA) base layer, an intermediate layer containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP), carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), and halloysite nanotubes (HNT), and a top layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The multilayer coating significantly enhanced the cushioning and flame-retardant properties of FPUF. At a coating loading of 35 wt.%, the FPUF@PDA/A-C-H/PDMS exhibited a compressive strength 3.52 times higher than pure FPUF, with only a 10.2% decrease after 100 compression cycles. The composite effectively dissipated 95.7% of an impact energy of 1.22 J, achieving a 97.1% impact force dissipation rate and significantly extending cushioning duration. The FPUF@PDA/A-C-H/PDMS demonstrated self-extinguishing properties after 10 s of exposure to a butane flame, maintaining structural integrity. Moreover, its peak heat release rate was reduced by 68.8%. The multilayer coating also improved hydrophobicity and thermal insulation. This multifunctional foam composite shows great potential for enhancing the performances of FPUF in hazardous environments, offering robust protection in extreme conditions.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS
·
2024
·
IF 7.4
Yuntao Fu,Chen Qiu,Long Ni,Hang Ye,Huawei Zou,Yinfu Luo,Mei Liang
Lightweight and excellent mechanical properties rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) play an irreplaceable role in aerospace, construction and transportation fields. Microstructure is an important factor in controlling properties of RPUFs. In this study, RPUFs with different cell structures were fabricated by adjusting foaming agent. The relationship between cell structure parameters (cell size, wall thickness, closed cell rate and cell anisotropy) and density was determined based on SEM analysis. The compressive, bending, impact, heat insulation and sound insulation properties were tested. The results showed that cell structure was related to mechanical properties, which was reflected in the linear relationship between log (density) and log (mechanical properties). RPUF 0.4 with a density of 148 kg/m 3 possessed excellent compressive strength, flexural strength, flexural modulus and impact strength of 2.89 MPa, 2.60 MPa, 35.41 MPa and 1.06 kJ/m 2 . Thermal and sound insulation properties were depended on cell size and closed cell rate, the thermal conductivity of RPUFs ranged from 0.0398 to 0.0515 W/(m·K), and the sound transmission loss of RPUF 1.4 exceeded 25 dB in 500–5000 Hz. The comprehensive properties were regulated by adjusting cell structure, which provides a theoretical basis for the design of RPUFs with specific properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
工程学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES COMMUNICATIONS
·
2024
·
IF 6.5
Ning Ding,Yi Yang,Rui Zhang,Pengwu Xu,Deyu Niu,Weijun Yang,Piming Ma
In this work, vanillin based inherently flame retardant polyurethane/SiO 2 composite foams were designed. Firstly, the vanillin based flame retarding diol (VDP) was synthesized. Then, the KH550 modified nano-SiO 2 (KH550-g-SiO 2 ) was prepared as the reinforcement. Subsequently, a series of flame-retardant polyurethane/SiO 2 composite foams (PUF-0.5P- x SiO 2 ) were synthesized by tailoring the hard-soft segments and KH550-g-SiO 2 contents. The results showed that KH550-g-SiO 2 significantly improve the thermal stability of the PUF-0.5P- x SiO 2 foams. In addition, the compressive strength of PUF-0.5P- x SiO 2 foams was enhanced from 0.18 MPa (PUF-0.5P) to 0.45 MPa (PUF-0.5P-2.0SiO 2 ) under 20% strain. The flame retardant properties of PUF-0.5P-2.0SiO 2 reached UL-94 V-0 grade. Meanwhile, the addition of KH550-g-SiO 2 also decreased the thermal conductivity from 0.046 W/m·k to 0.037 W/m·k for PUF-0.5P-2.0SiO 2 . This work may provide an approach to obtain the biobased lightweight polyurethane foams for the application in packaging and building areas.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）