FOOD CHEMISTRY
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2026
·
IF 10.4
Quan-Shui Wang,Sen Pang,Xiao-Yi Tong,Du-Qiang Luo,Jian Wang,Fei Cao
Alternaria alternata causes serious postharvest diseases in tomatoes, threatening shelf life and food safety. In this study, a natural and eco-friendly strategy was developed using Ligusticum jeholense essential oil (LEO), extracted via optimized enzymatic–deep eutectic solvent microwave-assisted method (EDP–MAHD), which achieved a 3.38-fold higher yield than conventional extraction. GC–MS analysis confirmed consistent chemical composition across production batches. In vitro , LEO exhibited potent antifungal activity against A. alternata (IC₅₀, 0.0718 μL/mL), while in vivo experiments on tomato fruit showed it significantly inhibited lesion expansion and suppressed the accumulation of mycotoxins, alternariol (AOH) and tenuazonic acid (TeA). SEM, TEM, proteomic, and physiological analyses revealed that LEO disrupted membrane integrity, interfered with energy metabolism, and induced oxidative stress, suggesting multi-target antifungal mechanisms. Acute toxicity in mice confirmed its safety. These findings support the application of LEO as a promising natural preservative for postharvest disease and toxin control in tomatoes.
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高影响因子
Phytopathology Research
·
2026
·Vol. 8
·期 1
·65
·
IF 4.3
Tang Jiejing,Zhou Hang,Jiao Chen,Li Hongye
Alternaria alternata tangerine pathotype causes Alternaria brown spot, a major fungal disease threatening citrus production in susceptible cultivars. This pathogen produces the host-specific toxin Alternaria citri toxin (ACT), which serves as the primary virulence factor. However, the regulatory mechanisms controlling ACT biosynthesis remain largely unclear. Here, we characterized the biological functions of the transcription factor AaSom1 and explored its target genes involved in ACT synthesis. Deletion of AaSom1 significantly reduced mycelial growth rate, abolished sporulation, suppressed ACT production, and eliminated pathogenicity. Both the LisH and Med15 domains of AaSom1 are essential for its complete biological function. RNA-seq, ChIP-seq, and DAP-seq analyses revealed that AaSom1 directly binds to the promoter of AapksA, which encodes a polyketide synthase involved in DHN-melanin biosynthesis, and subsequently activates AapksA transcription. AapksA deletion did not affect mycelial growth but significantly reduced conidiation, ACT production, lesion expansion rate, and pathogenicity. Collectively, AaSom1 functions as a multifunctional transcription factor that regulates development and pathogenicity, with AapksA as a key downstream target in A. alternata . These findings reveal a novel regulatory pathway that controls fungal pathogenesis through AaSom1-mediated transcriptional regulation.
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APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY
·
2018
·Vol. 84
·期 14
·
IF 3.633
Haijie Ma,Mingshuang Wang,Yunpeng Gai,Huilan Fu,Bin Zhang,Ruoxin Ruan,Kuang-Ren Chung,Hongye Li
This study determined the function of thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems in the phytopathogenic fungus Alternaria alternata via analyzing mutants obtained from the targeted deletion of genes encoding thioredoxin peroxidase (Tsa1), thioredoxin reductase (Trr1), and glutathione reductase (Glr1). Trr1 and Glr1, but not Tsa1, are required for growth and conidiation. The reduced growth and conidiation seen in the Trr1 or Glr1 deletion mutant can be restored by glutathione. Deletion mutants showing growth inhibition by oxidants are defective for H2O2 detoxification and induce smaller lesions on citrus leaves. Trr1 and Glr1, but not Tsa1, also contribute to NaCl resistance. Glr1 is required for sorbitol resistance and is responsible for resistance to mancozeb and boscalid but not chlorothalonil fungicides, a novel phenotype that has not been reported in fungi. Trr1 is required for resistance to boscalid and chlorothalonil fungicides but confers susceptibility to mancozeb. The Tsa1 deletion mutant displays wild-type sensitivity to the tested fungicides. The expression of Tsa1 and Trr1 is regulated by the oxidative stress responsive regulators Yap1, Hog1, and Skn7. The expression of Tsa1, but not Trr1, is also regulated indirectly by the NADPH oxidase. The results indicate that the capability to resist oxidative stress is required for virulence of A. alternata.IMPORTANCE The thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems are important thiol antioxidant systems in cells, and knowledge of these two systems in the plant-pathogenic fungus A. alternata is useful for finding new strategies to reduce the virulence of this pathogen. In this study, we demonstrated that thiol antioxidant system-related genes (Tsa1, Trr1, and Glr1) are required for H2O2 detoxification and virulence in A. alternata. Moreover, deletion of Trr1 results in hypersensitivity to the fungicides chlorothalonil and boscalid, and Glr1 deletion mutants are highly sensitive to mancozeb, which is the fungicide mostly used in citrus fields. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that the ability to detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a critical role in pathogenesis on citrus and provide novel insights into the physiological functions of thiol-containing systems in fungicide sensitivity for A. alternata.
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Frontiers in Microbiology
·
2026
·
IF 5.8
Yang Wu,Mingxue Chang,Yihan Liu,Tong Chen,Zexia Li,Weiwei Li,Dingkun Liu,Li He,Huiming Sun
Introduction Strawberries are highly perishable postharvest due to infection by pathogens such as Alternaria alternata , and chemical fungicides have drawbacks like residues and resistance. Clove extract exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, but its targeted inhibitory threshold and mechanism on strawberry postharvest pathogens remain unclear. Methods The minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of clove extract against A. alternata was determined. “Benihoppe” strawberries were treated with MFC (30 mg/mL) and stored at 25°C/90% RH. Key quality indicators (firmness, VC content, weight loss rate, etc.) were monitored, and microbial community structure was analyzed via high-throughput sequencing. Results The MFC of clove extract against A. alternata was 30 mg/mL, which reduced spore survival rate to 40.0% and increased cell membrane permeability. After 8 days of storage, the treatment group showed 68.3% higher firmness, 52.5% higher VC content, and 46.4% lower weight loss rate than the control. The abundance of spoilage microorganisms (e.g., Alternaria , Pantoea) decreased, while beneficial bacteria (e.g., Bacillus ) increased in the treatment group. Discussion Clove extract preserves strawberries by directly damaging the cell membrane of A. alternata and reshaping the fruit surface microbial community, providing a green alternative for postharvest preservation.
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FOOD CONTROL
·
2023
·
IF 6
Yuhang Du,Shuna Mi,Huihui Wang,Fangwei Yang,Hang Yu,Yunfei Xie,Yahui Guo,Yuliang Cheng,Weirong Yao
Fresh wolfberry is a super fruit with excellent nutritive and medicinal values, but highly perishable and difficult to store. In this research, dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBD) was used to control the spoilage and mycotoxin of Alternaria alternata ( A. alternata ), which frequently and heavily contaminated fresh wolfberries. Results showed that DBD treatment could inactivate A. alternata with a maximum reduction of 2.26 log CFU/mL (700V,480s). Its spore inactivation behavior most fitted the Log-logistic model (R 2 > 0.993). DBD disrupted A. alternata cell membrane integrity, oxidized membrane-associated substances and increased membrane permeability. The reactive oxygen species produced by DBD caused the accumulation of reactive oxygen metabolites in the spores and the inhibition of antioxidant enzyme activity. The average content of four mycotoxins on wolfberries could be reduced by 62.84% after the 60s treatment and storage for 6 days, while the decay rate decreased by 30.66%, and the firmness, TSS and DPPH free radical scavenging increased by 11.07%, 5.88% and 19.20%, respectively. Therefore, DBD could be used as a new technology to inactivate A. alternata , reduce its mycotoxin, and improve agricultural product quality.
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POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
·
2020
·
IF 4.303
Jiali Yang,Xu Jing,Tengfei Wang,Jianbing Di,Li Chen,Yu Wang
Previous studies reported the ability of l -glutamate (glutamate) to induce host resistance against Alternaria alternata , but the underlying mechanism is still scarce. Here, temporal alteration in antioxidant enzymes and glutamate consuming pathways were transcriptionally and enzymatically monitored in tomato fruits. The results showed that exogenous glutamate application enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, in tomatoes upon inoculation with Alternaria alternata , while lower concentrations of H 2 O 2 and malondialdehyde were observed. Interestingly, glutamate led to a decline in carbon:nitrogen ratio and induction of deaminating activity of glutamate dehydrogenase, resulting in replenishment of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Concurrently, proline dehydrogenase mediated the proline catabolism was downregulated by glutamate, accompanied by the enhanced biosynthesis of proline due to increased expression of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase. Together our findings favored a model whereby overactivation of antioxidant enzymes and glutamate consuming pathways, deamination of glutamate and proline biosynthesis from glutamate, played a vital role in the mechanism of glutamate-induced resistance.
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POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
·
2024
·
IF 6.4
Huaiyu Zhang,Yueli Zhou,Yue Yang,Lunaike Zhao,Hongbo Li,Lijie Long,Junjie Wang,Xuyan Wu,Zhao-Jun Wei
Alternaria alternata , a common fungal pathogen causes black mold in postharvest goji fruit. To explore the in vitro and in vivo impacts of linalool on the fungal infection, we treated A. alternata and infected goji fruit with varying linalool concentrations (0, 0.15, 0.45, and 1.35 mL L −1 ). Linalool repressed hypha growth, spore yield and germination, and germ tube length of A. alternata . Furthermore, we observed abnormal spore and mycelium morphology in the treated samples using optical, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Linalool reduced lesion diameter and disease incidence in goji fruit. Moreover, transcriptomic analysis of pathogen revealed that linalool inhibited nitrogen metabolism, altered chitin and β -1,3-glucan metabolisms, downregulated the key gene expression related to ergosterol synthesis and sulfur and glutathione metabolisms, regulated the enzymatic antioxidant system, and impacted the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids. Furthermore, linalool damaged the fungal cell wall integrity by inducing alkaline phosphatase and chitinase activities and β -1,3-glucan content and repressing β -1,3-glucanase and chitin synthase activities and chitin levels. Linalool elevated superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and declined peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities and glutathione content in A. alternata , leading to increased H 2 O 2 levels and ROS stress. Our data exhibited the promising antifungal effects of linalool with a future application in management of the postharvest rot of goji fruit.
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POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY
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2024
·
IF 6.4
Saiqing Xu,Shuai Ge,Ying Xie,Jing Cheng,Ke Ding,Huan Li,Hua Huang,Zisheng Luo,Yang Shan,Shenghua Ding
Postharvest fruit infection by Alternaria alternata results in significant food waste and economic losses. Methyl ferulate (MF) emerges as a safe and potent plant-derived agent against A. alternata , yet its effectiveness is hindered by poor water solubility, limiting its wide application in postharvest preservation. This study aimed to address this issue by utilizing naturally derived grapefruit essential oil (GEO) as the dissolution carrier for MF, followed by the preparation of a nanosystem to stabilize it through ultrasound-assisted methods. At 20 mg/mL MF loading, nanoemulsions (NEs) exhibited the smallest droplet size (15.66 nm), highest centrifugation stability (Ke of 2.32 %), and optimal storage stability (15.44 nm after 30 d at 4 ℃). Importantly, MF in the nanosystem (named MN) acts as an Ostwald ripening inhibitor and reduces the interfacial tension, which in turn benefits the stability of this system. In vitro , MN showed enhanced inhibition of A. alternata hyphal growth (an inhibitory rate in potato dextrose broth medium of 99.07 ± 1.32 %) and a fourfold reduction in MIC compared to free MF. MN damaged A. alternata plasma membranes and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) oxidative stress. In vivo , MN inhibited black spot disease and toxin production of A. alternata in pears. Additionally, MN incorporated into carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC) prolonged the shelf life of Korla pears and cherry tomatoes by delaying weight loss and maintaining their firmness and intrinsic nutrients. Therefore, this study broadened the application of MF, offering a viable approach for postharvest preservation of fruit infected by A. alternata .
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Journal of Fungi
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2025
·Vol. 11
·期 7
·495
·
IF 4
Jiejing Tang,Hang Zhou,Chen Jiao,Hongye Li
TheAlternaria alternatatangerine pathotype causes Alternaria brown spot, a devastating disease of susceptible tangerine varieties and their hybrids.Alternaria citritoxin (ACT) is the primary virulence factor, but the regulatory mechanisms governing ACT synthesis remain unclear. Deubiquitinating enzymes maintain ubiquitination homeostasis and regulate fungal pathogenicity, yet their role inA. alternataremains unexplored. We characterized 13 ubiquitin-specific protease (UBP) family members inA. alternatatangerine pathotype. Six UBP genes (Aaubp2,Aaubp3,Aaubp4,Aaubp6,Aaubp14, andAaubp15) regulated mycelial growth.Aaubp14deletion abolished sporulation, while mutations ofAaubp3,Aaubp4,Aaubp6,Aaubp8, andAaubp15altered conidial morphology. qRT-PCR demonstrated distinct host-induced expression patterns amongAaubpgenes. Pathogenicity tests showed that ΔAaubp6, ΔAaubp14, and ΔAaubp15mutants failed to produce lesions onCitrus reticulatacv. Hongjv leaves. Moreover,Aaubp14deletion significantly suppressed ACT biosynthesis gene expression and blocked ACT production. Comparative proteomics showed Aaubp14 regulates ACT biosynthesis by modulating protein ubiquitination in metabolic pathways and controls pathogenicity via a complex network. Our findings elucidateAaubpgene function in development and pathogenicity, particularly the Aaubp14-mediated regulation mechanism, providing insights into ubiquitination-mediated pathogenicity in phytopathogenic fungi.
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高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES
·
2023
·Vol. 24
·期 11
·9673
·
IF 5.6
Zitong Yuan,Yiwei Li,Yuke He,Kun Qian,Yongqiang Zhang
The overuse of copper-based fertilizers and pesticides over the last few decades has resulted in detrimental risks to our environment. Nano-enabled agrichemicals with a high effective utilization ratio have shown great potential for maintaining or minimizing environmental issues in agriculture. Copper-based nanomaterials (Cu-based NMs) serve as a promising alternative to fungicides. Three types of Cu-based NMs with different morphologies were analyzed for their different antifungal effects onAlternaria alternatain this current study. Compared to commercial copper hydroxide water power (Cu(OH)2WP), all tested Cu-based NMs, including cuprous oxide nanoparticles (Cu2O NPs), copper nanorods (Cu NRs) and copper nanowires (Cu NWs), especially Cu2O NPs and Cu NWs, showed higher antifungal activity againstAlternaria alternata. Its EC50were 104.24 and 89.40 mg L−1, respectively, achieving comparable activity using a dose approximately 1.6 and 1.9-fold lower. Cu-based NMs could introduce the downregulation of melanin production and soluble protein content. In contrast to trends in antifungal activity, Cu2O NPs showed the strongest power in regulating melanin production and protein content and similarly exhibited the highest acute toxicity to adult zebrafish compared to other Cu-based NMs. These results demonstrate that Cu-based NMs could offer great potential in plant disease management strategies.Keywords:cuprous oxide nanoparticles;copper nanorods;copper nanowires;nano-pesticide;zebrafish;Alternaria alternata
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高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
·
2023
·
IF 5.9
Zitong Yuan,Chuanxin Ma,Mengao Jia,Kun Qian
Overused agrochemicals threaten the environment and human health. Nanotechnology has shown great potential for maintaining or minimizing environmental issues in agriculture . Herein, a polyethylene glycol-coated copper nanoclusters (PEG@Cu NCs) has been developed for efficient utilization by tobacco. The NCs showed the superior antifungal activity against Alternaria alternata , achieving comparable activity using a dose almost 35-fold lower than that of 46% copper hydroxide water power (WP). More importantly, PEG@Cu NCs exhibited excellent therapeutic potential via xylem delivery. In the meantime, promising bioavailability of the NCs was achieved, which could be absorbed by tobacco seedlings via roots and foliar tissues (epidermal and mesophyll cells). In addition, the biosafety of PEG@Cu NCs was investigated in tobacco and earthworms. Both root exposure (1.27–3.17 mg L −1 ) and leaf exposure (1.27–6.33 mg L −1 ) to PEG@Cu NCs had no negative effects on tobacco growth. The acute toxicity of PEG@Cu NCs to earthworms was low, as determined by the 7 day-LC 50 value of 46.253 mg kg −1 and 14 day-LC 50 value of 30.187 mg kg −1 . Overall, such NCs are expected to be a competitive alternative to Cu-based fungicides in sustainable agriculture due to their superior antifungal properties , excellent biocompatibility, and high efficiency bioavailability.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 3.3
Shuang Min,Jiaxin Liu,Canying Li,Tian Gao,Yajun Wang,Yonghong Ge
Black spot rot, caused by the pathogen Alternaria alternata , is a prevalent disease in apple cultivation. The present study investigated the effects of phenyllactic acid (PLA) immersion on black spot rot in apples and elucidated the potential mechanisms underlying its action. Results revealed that 1.00 g L -1 PLA inhibited the lesion development in A. alternata- inoculated apples. PLA resulted in a decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) content, while simultaneously increasing the levels of H 2 O 2 , ascorbic acid (AsA), and reduced glutathione (GSH) in apples. PLA also induced the increase in gene expressions and enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbic acid reductase (DHAR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate/coenzyme A ligase (4CL), and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) in apples. Moreover, inoculation of both PLA-treated and control fruit with A. alternata led to a further increase in the levels of H 2 O 2 , GSH, and AsA, along with enhanced gene expressions and enzymatic activities of CAT, SOD, DHAR, GR, APX , MDHAR, POD, PPO, C4H, 4CL and PAL, compared to un-inoculated fruit. Additionally, PLA dipping increased total phenols and flavonoids contents in apples, and inoculation with A. alternata further augmented the accumulation of these bioactive compounds. Furthermore, PLA-treated fruit displayed a more rapid response to A. alternata inoculation compared to control fruit, characterized by heightened enzymatic activity, gene expression, and metabolite content. Collectively, PLA has the potential to stimulate disease resistance against A. alternata in apples through regulating major enzyme activities, gene expressions, and metabolites contents involved in reactive oxygen species and phenylpropane metabolisms.
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