Food Bioscience
·
2022
·
IF 5.318
Jiarui Zeng,Feibi Sheng,Xi Hu,Zhenfeng Huang,Xiaofei Tian,Zhenqiang Wu
Brewer's spent grain (BSG) is the main byproduct of the beer industry and is commonly used as a low-value animal feed or food ingredient. This study investigated the role of symbiotic fermentation with Bacillus velezensi s and Levilactobacillus brevis in improving the nutritional value of BSG. The addition of B. velezensis increased the cell growth of L. brevis by over thirty-fold higher than that in the single-strain system. Simultaneously, cellulase and protease activities were substantially increased, and more soluble sugars were produced. Total amino acid, glutamic acid , and γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels increased by 52.2%, 155.1%, and 144.1%, respectively. Conversely, lactic acid production decreased. Genetic analysis showed that the glycolysis-related gene pykA , pentose phosphate pathway gene gnd , and GABA-related gene gad were upregulated, while the heterolactin-related gene xpkA was downregulated, explaining that B. velezensis might inhibit heterolactin fermentation while enhancing GABA biosynthesis . This study provides a potential strategy for the high-value utilization of BSG in the food or feed industry.
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Foods
·
2026
·Vol. 15
·期 4
·753
·
IF 6
Meilin Zhao,Zhihua Huang,Shuoyang Sun,Quan Gan,Shuang Wu,Xiqi Hu,Delei Xu,Pedro Laborda,Bao Tang,Lingtian Wu
Phytophthora capsici , an invasive oomycete pathogen causing blight in crops like cucurbits, tomatoes, and peppers, has led to significant economic losses. Due to the limitations of conventional control methods, research has focused on effective and eco-friendly biocontrol alternatives. The bacterial strain LT-22, identified as Bacillus velezensis , exhibits broad-spectrum antifungal activity and plant growth-promoting potential. This study investigated the biocontrol efficacy of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from strain LT-22. LT-22 VOCs strongly inhibited P. capsici PC153 growth in vitro and reduced disease symptoms in pepper fruits. Microscopic observations showed that LT-22 VOCs caused significant morphological changes in P. capsici PC153 mycelium by disrupting cell wall and membrane integrity. The treatment increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and reduced cellulose content, further indicating that LT-22 VOCs compromise cell integrity to exert antifungal effects. Furthermore, 2-methylbutanoic acid was identified as the primary antifungal VOC, with an EC 50 value of 0.095 µL/mL against P. capsici PC153, lower than the reported plant-derived compounds. Together, these results indicate that strain LT-22 and its VOCs, especially 2-methylbutanoic acid, have significant potential as an effective biocontrol agent for managing Phytophthora blight.
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Journal of Fungi
·
2026
·Vol. 12
·期 7
·492
·
IF 4.3
Wei Jian,Yuanyuan Li,Yaqian Zhu,Qing Yao,Youcheng Qin,Haiying Liu,Jing Zhang,Guoyang Qiu,Qihang Gui,Zhengwu Zhao
Black spot disease caused byCeratocystis fimbriata(C. fimbriata) is a severe postharvest disease of sweet potatoes. This study evaluated the biocontrol potential ofBacillus velezensis(B. velezensis) L33a against this pathogen. Confrontation assays showed that L33a inhibited mycelial growth by 82.83%. FDA/PI staining and scanning electron microscopy revealed that L33a disrupted cell membrane integrity and caused severe mycelial deformation. Co-culture experiments indicated that L33a altered the expression of key pathogenic genes inC. fimbriata. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from L33a inhibited the pathogen by 77.78%, outperforming cell-free supernatant (CFS). VOCs primarily suppressed spore germination, with phenylethanol (PEA) and octanoic acid achieving 100% inhibition. In planta tests on sweet potato tubers showed that both L33a culture and VOCs significantly reduced lesion expansion. Using qPCR analysis, we found that L33a activated defense-related genes in tissues around wounds, particularly those involved in the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway. In summary,B. velezensisL33a effectively controls sweet potato black rot through multiple mechanisms: direct antifungal activity, inhibition of spore germination, modulation of pathogen gene expression, and induction of host defense responses. It represents a promising natural inhibitor for postharvest disease management.
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Processes
·
2020
·Vol. 8
·期 12
·1674
·
IF 2.753
Xinxin Li,Xiuhong Wang,Xiangyuan Shi,Baoping Wang,Meiping Li,Qi Wang,Shengwan Zhang
The present study focuses on the inhibitory effect of volatile metabolites released byBacillus velezensisCT32 onVerticillium dahliaeandFusarium oxysporum, the causal agents of strawberry vascular wilt. The CT32 strain was isolated from maize straw compost tea and identified asB. velezensisbased on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Bioassays conducted in sealed plates revealed that the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by the strain CT32 possessed broad-spectrum antifungal activity against eight phytopathogenic fungi. The volatile profile of strain CT32 was obtained by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 30 volatile compounds were identified, six of which have not previously been detected in bacteria or fungi: (Z)-5-undecene, decyl formate, 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol, dodecanenitrile, 2-methylpentadecane and 2,2’,5,5’-tetramethyl-1,1’-biphenyl. Pure compounds were tested in vitro for their inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth ofV. dahliaeandF. oxysporum. Decanal, benzothiazole, 3-undecanone, 2-undecanone, 2-undecanol, undecanal and 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol showed high antifungal activity, with benzothiazole and 2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol being the most potent compounds. These results indicate that the VOCs produced byB. velezensisCT32 have the potential to be used as a biofumigant for management of vascular wilt pathogens.Keywords:biocontrol;Bacillus velezensis;volatile organic compounds;vascular wilt pathogens
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Food Bioscience
·
2024
·
IF 4.8
Si Cheng,Chao Yin,Keying Li,Zhe Liu,Qingyan Pan,Xifeng Zuo,Ailing Guo,Huawei Ma
Films with excellent mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity have potential applications in food preservation. The antimicrobial film was prepared by blending probiotic Bacillus velezensis 906 metabolites (906), potassium sorbate (PS), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The film was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal stability analysis. The mechanical, barrier, and antimicrobial properties of the film were tested. The results of the physicochemical analysis indicated that, compared to the pure PVA film, the film's mechanical properties decreased, while its barrier properties and hydrophobicity increased with the addition of PS and 906, respectively. The results of the antimicrobial tests revealed that the blend film exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Psychrobacter maritimus , Oceanobacillus kimchii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Listeria monocytogenes . SEM demonstrated good fusion between the components of the PVA/PS/906 film, resulting in a dense and crack-free structure. FTIR suggested that PS and 906 enhance molecular interactions within the film matrix. XRD revealed that the film was crystallized, with 906 increasing the crystallinity of the bonds between the film components. Thermal analysis indicated the thermal stability of the films was enhanced. Consequently, the PVA/PS/906 blend film shows significant potential for application in the preservation of aquatic products.
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Food Bioscience
·
2023
·
IF 5.2
Han Hu,Caiyun Wu,Fanglan Ge,Yao Ren,Wei Li,Jiao Li
Soybean meal (SBM), a high-protein animal feed, contains several anti-nutritional factors, which limit its utilization. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), a biological macromolecule , can significantly improve the health and growth benefits of animal feed. However, there are rare reports about SBM fermentation with γ-PGA-producing bacteria to improve its nutritional quality . In this study, we isolated a glutamic acid-independent poly γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) producing Bacillus velezensis SCP024–S-4 bacterial strain and used it for solid fermentation of SBM. The results showed that the maximum γ-PGA yield in fermented soybean meal (FSBM) reached up to 89.64 g/kg without adding glutamic acid . Meanwhile, the content of proteins, free amino acids and small peptides increased by 12.83%, 347.96 μg/g and 108.11 mg/g, respectively. Soy globulin, β-conglutinin and trypsin inhibitor all decreased below 3 mg/g. Mice were fed with CK (control diet), SBM and FSBM respectively. The average daily food intake in the FSBM, SBM, and CK groups were 7.68, 5.25, and 6.36 g, respectively. Compared with the CK group, the mice weight growth rate was significantly higher in the FSBM group. Mice blood and spleen tests showed no negative effect of FSBM. The high-throughput sequencing of mice intestinal microflora indicated that FSBM increased the richness of intestinal microbiota ; especially, the types and quantities of Lactobacillus were significantly increased. This study provides a feasible strategy to improve the nutritional quality of SBM as an animal feed.
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ACS Food Science & Technology
·
2024
·
IF 2.6
Ruinan Gu,Xianglong Yang,Ling Cheng,Qi Zhang,Peiwu Li,Jin Mao
Peanut meal, as an important feed and protein source, is highly susceptible to aflatoxin contamination. Probiotics with the advantages of aiding digestion and improving intestinal function are regarded as potential ways to detoxify aflatoxins. In this study, six probiotic strains screened from peanut meal were identified and used for aflatoxin detoxification. The strain of Bacillus velezensis NWPZ-8 noted as A43 showed the best ability to detoxify aflatoxins. The optimized aflatoxin B1 detoxification conditions by A43 in peanut meal were proposed. At these conditions, the strain not only detoxified 75.29% aflatoxin B1 but also increased the content of protein and amino acids in peanut meal. It was found that the aflatoxins detoxification activity by A43 was mainly attributed to the extracellular proteins. Therefore, this study provides a potential probiotics strain that can be used for aflatoxin detoxification in peanut meal.
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Frontiers in Microbiology
·
2026
·
IF 5.8
Li Zhang,Miaomiao Yang,Boyuan Zhang,Yuting Li,Lizhu Shao,Ziyu Wang,Yating Wang,Yuwen Tang,Yuansen Hu,Peng Li,Zhongke Sun,Na Liu
BackgroundAspergillus flavus causes severs postharvest spoilage and aflatoxins contamination of agricultural commodities, posing major threats to food safety and human health and underscoring the need for safe, effective biocontrol strategies. This study aimed to identify an antagonistic endophytic bacterium against A. flavus and to integrate whole-genome mining, metabolomics, and mechanistic assays to elucidate the molecular basis of its antifungal activity.MethodsAn endophytic isolate was identified as Bacillus velezensis 802. Its crude extract was evaluated in vitro, and SEM, CLSM, and physiological assays were used to assess hyphal morphology, membrane integrity, mitochondrial function, energy metabolism, and apoptosis. Bioinformatic analysis of the whole-genome sequence was used to predict biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) and their associated pathways. UHPLC–MS/MS was used to identify metabolites in the active extract.ResultsBacillus velezensis 802 inhibited A. flavus by 70.16%. The crude extract induced hyphal wrinkling and swelling, disrupted membrane integrity, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, suppressed key energy-metabolism enzymes, and activated the Caspase-9-mediated apoptotic pathway. Genome analysis revealed a 3,951,806 bp circular chromosome containing 13 BGCs. Metabolomics identified six secondary metabolites, among which isobutyric acid showed the strongest antifungal activity.ConclusionBy coupling whole-genome mining with metabolomic profiling and mechanistic validation, this study demonstrates that B. velezensis 802 suppresses A. flavus through multi-target interference with cell structure, energy metabolism, and apoptosis. The strain and its metabolites, especially isobutyric acid, are promising biocontrol candidates for improving grain storage safety.
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Forests
·
2026
·Vol. 17
·期 6
·668
·
IF 3.1
Xianglian Jin,Zhen Zhang,Jing Ning,Ziying Liu,Chen Zhang,Ling Ma,Yanfen Zhang
Pine wilt disease poses a serious threat to pine forest health, and efficient biocontrol agents are urgently needed.Bacillus velezensisYG4-2 is a pine endophytic bacterium with strong nematicidal activity againstBursaphelenchus xylophilus, but the effect of oxygen conditions on its activity remains unclear. In this study, we compared the growth, nematicidal activity, and extracellular metabolite profiles of YG4-2 under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Aerobic cultivation significantly increased bacterial biomass and enhanced the nematicidal activity of both bacterial cultures and cell-free supernatants. LC-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomics revealed clear metabolic differences between the two oxygen conditions, with 19 metabolites significantly upregulated under aerobic conditions. Activity validation showed that kynurenic acid exhibited the strongest nematicidal activity among the tested candidate metabolites. Targeted LC-MS/MS further confirmed the accumulation of kynurenic acid in aerobic culture supernatants, with an estimated concentration of 0.38 ng/mL, and no obvious signal was detected under anaerobic conditions. These results suggest that oxygen enhances the nematicidal activity of YG4-2 by promoting growth and regulating extracellular metabolite production, with kynurenic acid as a potential oxygen-responsive active metabolite.
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FOOD CONTROL
·
2023
·
IF 6
Suping Li,Jingyu Hu,Shiqi Ning,Wei Li,Ru Jiang,Jianguo Huang,Yong Li
Citrus fruit post-harvest decay has caused economic loss for fruit-dependent industries worldwide in recent decades. However, bio-preservatives offer a promising and sustainable solution. In this study, culture experiments were carried out to assess the ability of Bacillus velezensis HY19, which we previously identified, to inhibit common pathogenic fungi in postharvest citrus fruit. HY19 was capable of producing extracellular siderophores and hydrolases (protease, phosphatase, and cellulase). The cells and metabolites (fermentation broth and volatiles) of the bacterium exhibited strong suppression against Penicillium italicum , P. digitatum , and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides . LC-MS analysis of B. velezensis HY19 fermentation broth (BFB) revealed 13 antimicrobial substances (simvastatin, cinnamic acid, cyclopentanone, etc.), 3 antifungal pesticide intermediates (M-cresol, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and L-menthyl acetoacetate), and P-salicylic acid. GC-MS detected 18 antimicrobial substances (2-nonanol, 2-nonanone, benzoic acid, etc.) in HY19's volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Transcriptome analysis of P. digitatum exposed to BFB stress revealed that numerous genes involved in diverse biological processes, such as DNA replication and cell wall biosynthesis, were differentially expressed. Moreover, BFB inhibited the expression of multiple genes responsible for the biosynthesis of N-glycan and proteins in P. digitatum . BFB enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities in citrus peels, reduced electrolyte leakage and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and induced the disease resistance in citrus fruit, leading to the decrease in the infection of pathogenic fungi on citrus fruit. During storage at low-temperature (4–8 °C), BFB inhibited the disease incidence in citrus fruit for up to 90 days and achieved over 60% control efficacy. Additionally, BFB had no impact on fruit quality, making it a lower risk option. Considering the benefits of sustainability and environmentally friendly options, it could be concluded that BFB was an effective alternative for controlling citrus diseases and had the potential to be used as a fruit preservative.
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Frontiers in Microbiology
·
2022
·
IF 6.064
Xiaona Sui,Xiaobin Han,Jianmin Cao,Yiqiang Li,Yuan Yuan,Jianyu Gou,Yanfen Zheng,Chen Meng,Chengsheng Zhang
Tobacco bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most devastating diseases. Microbial keystone taxa were proposed as promising targets in plant disease control. In this study, we obtained an antagonistic Bacillus isolate EM-1 from bacterial wilt-suppressive soil, and it was considered rhizosphere-resident bacteria based on high (100%) 16S rRNA gene similarity to sequences derived from high-throughput amplicon sequencing. According to 16S rRNA gene sequencing and MLSA, strain EM-1 was identified as Bacillus velezensis . This strain could inhibit the growth of R. solanacearum , reduce the colonization of R. solanacearum in tobacco roots, and decrease the incidence of bacterial wilt disease. In addition, strain EM-1 also showed a strong inhibitory effect on other phytopathogens, such as Alternaria alternata and Phytophthora nicotianae , indicating a wide antagonistic spectrum. The antimicrobial ability of EM-1 can be attributed to its volatile, lipopeptide and polyketide metabolites. Iturin A (C14, C15, and C16) was the main lipopeptide, and macrolactin A and macrolactin W were the main polyketides in the fermentation broth of EM-1, while heptanone and its derivatives were dominant among the volatile organic compounds. Among them, heptanones and macrolactins, but not iturins, might be the main potential antibacterial substances. Complete genome sequencing was performed, and the biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for iturin A and macrolactin were identified. Moreover, strain EM-1 can also induce plant resistance by increasing the activity of CAT and PPO in tobacco. These results indicated that EM-1 can serve as a biocontrol Bacillus strain for tobacco bacterial wilt control. This study provides a better insight into the strategy of exploring biocontrol agent based on rhizosphere microbiome.
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高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
·
2025
·
IF 3.5
Hongling Lu,Suxia Guo,Qiannan Wang,Bang An
BACKGROUND Biological control agents are promising alternatives to conventional fungicides for managing postharvest diseases but their practical use is hindered by variable effectiveness and by application challenges. One promising yet underexplored approach involves utilizing bacteria that produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with antifungal properties. RESULTS In this study, Bacillus velezensis BF01, a strain with significant antifungal activity, was identified and isolated. Volatile organic compounds produced by this strain inhibited the growth and conidial germination of Botrytis cinerea , Fusarium oxysporum , and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides . Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 90 VOCs, with ketones, esters, nitrogen compounds, aldehydes, and alcohols as the dominant components, many of which exhibited antifungal or plant resistance-inducing properties. To enhance practical application, B. velezensis BF01 was incorporated into a kaolin-based composite, which maintained long-term viability under refrigerated conditions and inhibited fungal growth through the controlled release of volatile organic compounds. This composite significantly extended the shelf life of strawberries by reducing postharvest decay. CONCLUSION The development of a kaolin-based B. velezensis BF01 composite provides an effective and sustainable biocontrol strategy for postharvest disease management. By improving bacterial stability and facilitating the controlled release of antifungal volatile organic compounds, this approach offers a practical alternative to chemical fungicides, highlighting its potential in extending fruit shelf life and improving food safety. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.
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