REACTIVE & FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
·
2019
·
IF 3.074
Yubin Li,Zhijian Yang,Ling Ding,Liping Pan,Jianhu Zhang,Xue Zheng,Congmei Lin
Damages generated in functional materials can deteriorate their performance and shorten their lifetime, endowing the materials with self-healing ability is expected to resolve this problem. In this work, a novel energetic composite refers to CL-20 based PBX, which can self-heal its mechanical damage under a mild condition, was designed and prepared via incorporating disulfide bonds into the polymeric binder. The highly efficient self-healing polyurethane-urea containing disulfide bonds (DSPU) was synthesized by using the prepolymer of poly(caprolactone) diol (PCL-diol) with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) as the main-chain to achieve good mechanical toughness, then cross-linking with bis(4-aminophenyl) disulfide (APD) to gain the superior reversibility. The CL-20 based PBX using this DSPU as binder can evidently self-heal its inner damage, i.e. micro-crack, after heating at 60 °C for several hours, and the strength of the damaged sample after Brazilian test can also be recovered to more than 70% of the pristine value.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
·
2025
·
IF 7.7
Yunfeng Tan,Shengqiang Ma,Nengsheng Liu,Xintao Wang,Chenxi Li,Jinmao Ma,Kun Wu,Mohe Zhang,Jinxin Liu,Jianwei Song,Jiangzhou Qin,Quanlin Zhao,Zhengfang Ye
Industrial wastewater pollution has emerged as a significant global environmental challenge, particularly regarding the urgent need to address highly acidic industrial effluents containing organic pollutants. As a novel high-energy explosive, hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) inevitably generates strongly acidic wastewater during its production and application processes, posing severe threats to ecological systems and human health. This study systematically investigates the adsorption performance of two silicon-based materials, sodium silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ) and silicic acid (H 2 SiO 3 ), for the removal of CL-20 from wastewater. Experimental results demonstrate that the Langmuir isotherm model reveals maximum adsorption capacities of 87.21 and 69.97 mg/g for H 2 SiO 3 and Na 2 SiO 3 , respectively. Kinetic studies indicate that the adsorption processes of both materials conform to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R 2 > 0.98). Thermodynamic parameter analysis demonstrates reduced spontaneity of the adsorption process with increasing temperature, accompanied by exothermic characteristics and entropy reduction. Through density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the mechanisms underlying electrostatic adsorption and chemical bonding interactions between CL-20 molecules and silicon-based materials are elucidated. This research establishes a novel technical approach for efficient CL-20 wastewater treatment while providing theoretical foundations for developing and optimizing related adsorption materials.
研究领域:
环境科学
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材料科学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
·
2021
·Vol. 46
·期 8
·1216-1226
·
IF 1.887
Shuang Xu,Ai-Min Pang,Zhuo Wu,Hai-Tao Li,Wei Li,Jie Kong
Two types of bonding agents were synthesized based on polyetheramines (PEAs), which aim to increase the strain of AP/CL-20/GAP formulation. The PEAs, terminated with cyano (CTPEA) and Schiff base (SBPEA) groups, were applied in the AP/CL-20/GAP formulation, respectively. The results showed that the bonding agents TCN-403 (CTPEA) and TBA-403 (SBPEA), which were prepared from trifunctional PEA named as T-403, could significantly increase the maximum elongation ratio of the formulation. The differences between the TCN-403 and TBA-403 were analyzed by DMA of the formulations, SEM of the coated fillers, and in-situ tensile test, indicating that the Schiff base bonding agents can effectively inhibit the dewetting of the binder from the solid particles in the formulations.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Omega
·
2020
·
IF 2.87
Ling Chen,Weidong He,Jie Liu
Benefiting from the sol–gel technology and vacuum freeze-drying technology, a novel nanoenergetic composite material nitrated bacterial cellulose (NBC)/CL-20 (hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane) has been fabricated. The thermal decomposition kinetic and mechanism have been studied by thermogravimetric analysis–differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DSC) under nonisothermal conditions in a nitrogen atmosphere at multiple heating rates; the process and mechanism of thermal decomposition of NBC/CL-201:1 have also been probed by TG–DSC–IR. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters, such as activation energy (Ea), per-exponent factor (ln AK), rate constant (k), activation heat (ΔH⧧), activation free energy (ΔG⧧), and activation entropy (ΔS⧧) are calculated. The results indicate that NBC/CL-20 presents much lower activation energy than both of raw NBC and raw NC, and NBC/CL-201:1 exhibits superior thermal performance of heat release and Ea. Moreover, there the existence mechanism has also been probed between NBC and CL-20 during the process of thermal decomposition. The structure and composition have been characterized by a series of characterization methods and indicate that CL-20 has been embedded homogenously in the NBC gel matrix with a prominent porous cross-linked network structure. The impact and friction sensitivities have also been decreased. The whole process effectively avoids high temperatures, and thus ensures operational safety.
研究领域:
材料科学
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热力学
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化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2024
·
IF 13.3
Ping Ye,Heng Ding,Bo Yang,Weimiao Wang,Xiaodong Li,Zhiqiang Qiao,Rui Li,Guangcheng Yang,Guoqing Lv
The ignition strategy of energetic materials using low-energy near-infrared (NIR) laser has garnered significant attention due to its enhanced safety and reliability. This study explores the use of a relatively photosensitive but mechanical insensitive energetic material, DATNBI, to facilitate the self-assembly of nano-CL-20 crystals into polycrystalline particles though solvothermal induction, yielding a rough structure conducive to NIR laser ignition. The findings demonstrate that by adjusting the content of DATNBI, it is possible to achieve micro-nano controllable spherical CL-20/DATNBI (C/D) particles, with CL-20 as the primary component and DATNBI as the auxiliary component. The incorporation of DATNBI and the rough surface structure enhance the light absorption of C/D particles in the NIR band. Additionally, the unique synergistic effect between CL-20 and DATNBI during thermal decomposition further promotes NIR laser ignition. As expected, the C/D particles achieved self-sustained combustion and exhibited excellent combustion performance under a 1064 nm laser, which is challenging to be achieved with raw CL-20 or raw DATNBI. Furthermore, the relatively insensitive DATNBI and spherical structure reduced the impact sensitivity of the C/D particles. This multifunctional material strategy, integrating energy, safety, environment-friendliness, and laser ignition performance, offers a novel approach for laser ignition of energetic materials.
研究领域:
化学
·
材料科学
·
能源与燃料
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FirePhysChem
·
2025
·
IF 3.6
Chunyan Li,Shenjuan Shao,Jiao Chen,Chongwei An,Baoyun Ye
The development of miniaturized, flexible MEMS pyrotechnic devices necessitates advanced fabrication techniques. Herein, a strategy is reported that leverages the integration of ink-jet printing and dynamic cross-linking. The strategy successfully fabricates CL-20/PVA (polyvinyl alcohol)@PANI (polyaniline) energetic films with robust interfacial adhesion across heterogeneous structures. The PVA@PANI dynamic bonding system, designed through a molecular engineering strategy, provides dual interfacial enhancement characteristics. The 3D network structure formed by dynamic covalent cross-linking of borate ester bonds significantly enhances the flexibility of the system, as demonstrated by a 62.26% improvement in elastic recovery and a 55.26% increase in the plasticity index. Additionally, multiple hydrogen bonding interactions between hydroxyl groups and the substrate substantially improve interfacial adhesion, achieving a 4B rating on both glass and aluminum substrates. SEM characterization reveals a uniform and dense microstructure with homogeneously distributed crystals throughout the composite film. Performance testing confirms that CL-20 in the composite retains its ε-crystal form and exhibits a high detonation velocity of 7884 m·s⁻¹. Furthermore, the synergistic incorporation of PANI reduces the electrostatic sensitivity by 10.86% compared to the CL-20/PVA baseline. The interfacial dynamic enhancement technology developed in this work represents a key advancement in the integrated structure–function design of microscale energetic devices, underscoring its strong potential for MEMS applications such as flexible micro-initiators and miniature solid propellants.
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Omega
·
2025
·
IF 4.3
SongYuChen Ma,Tao Liu,DeQi Wang,YinHui Li,WenJing Shi,FengSheng Li,Jie Liu
To address the quality issues arising from the uncontrollable morphological grain size in the preparation of CL-20/HMX cocrystals, a novel method for producing high-quality cocrystals with well-defined morphological grain sizes has been developed. The cocrystallization process was conducted using the solvent/nonsolvent method, wherein the mixing efficiency and solution supersaturation were precisely controlled through systematic optimization of key parameters, including solvent composition, solvent/nonsolvent ratio, reaction temperature, and stirring rate. Through systematic optimization of experimental parameters, three distinct rhombohedral CL-20/HMX cocrystal samples with uniform particle size distributions and well-defined morphologies were successfully prepared, exhibiting characteristic D50 values of 20, 63, and 130 μm. Comprehensive characterization revealed that SEM analysis demonstrated the cocrystals possess smooth surfaces and regular geometric shapes. Combined XRD and micro-CT analyses confirmed the high crystallinity of the cocrystals, particularly noting the reduced internal defects and superior crystal perfection in larger-grained samples. DSC measurements indicated enhanced thermal stability in cocrystals with larger particle sizes. Furthermore, sensitivity testing showed larger-grained cocrystals are less sensitive than smaller-grained ones, which can be attributed to the more compact internal structure of the crystals.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
爆炸物化学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Applied Sciences-Basel
·
2020
·Vol. 10
·期 8
·2663
·
IF 2.474
Honglei Zhang,Qingjie Jiao,Wanjun Zhao,Xueyong Guo,Dayong Li,Xiaole Sun
Featured ApplicationWe aimed to obtain a dense ε-CL-20/polydopamine core-shell structure by chemical bionic technology that can effectively inhibit the solid–solid phase transition existing for CL-20 crystals and greatly enhance the thermal safety. Obtained well-coated CL-20 particles could be employed in high-energy insensitive polymer bonded explosives (PBX), thus promoting the development of weapons and equipment.Abstract2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) is a widely used high-energy explosive for the application of energetic materials. However, the phase transformation from ε-CL-20 to γ-CL-20 restrains its further application in polymer bonded explosives (PBXs) and propellants. To inhibit the phase transition of CL-20, dopamine was first used in an efficient and facile method of in situ polymerization to passivate CL-20 crystals. The core-shell microcapsule particles were obtained, and the morphological characterization demonstrates the formation of a dense core-shell structure. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) test results show that the compact and dense coating delays the ε-CL-20 crystal transformation temperature by about 30 °C, which enhances thermal stability. In addition, with the coating via polymers, the friction sensitivity of ε-CL-20 crystals decreases significantly. The findings indicate a successful application of dopamine chemistry in high-energy explosives, which provides an attractive method to modify the properties of CL-20 crystals.Keywords:energetic crystal;phase transition;CL-20;dopamine;core-shell structure
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
·
炸药技术
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 13.2
Handong Shi,Shijiao Li,Kai Han,Chuanhao Xu,Lei Gao,Fan Liao,Yanpeng Lv,Yurong Zhang,Chongwei An
This study presents a strategy for developing CL-20 (Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzita-ne)-based energetic composites with enhanced mechanical properties and intrinsic safety through the synergistic design of PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) /PAA (polyacrylic acid) interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) and direct ink writing (DIW) technology. Based on the “hydrogen bond-covalent bond-plasticization” synergistic reinforcement strategy, an IPNs gel system with tunable mechanical properties was developed. After optimizing the polymer ratio (4:3), Crosslinking agent (1 %), and glycerol content (17.5 %), a balance between toughness, ductility, and strength was attained. The DIW-printed structure exhibited excellent molding accuracy and interfacial adhesion (0.924 MPa to aluminum). System characterization demonstrated that the IPN structure achieved uniform CL-20 distribution and controlled porosity, significantly enhancing its mechanical properties, safety, and detonation performance. Its elastic modulus is close to that of engineering plastics(4.504 GPa), the hardness is between soft rubber and hard plastics (0.107 GPa), and the compressive strength is higher than that of typical PBX explosives (15.64 MPa). By using PVA/PAA IPNs, a “topological entanglement-passivation defect” mechanism was established to suppress mechanical sensitivity. Compared to submicron ε-CL-20, the molded sample reduced impact sensitivity by 33.3 % and friction sensitivity by 128.6 %. Additionally, detonation propagation was achieved in a 1.2 × 1.2 mm charge slot within a 90°-160° corner range, with the critical detonation transmission size reaching 0.3 × 0.3 mm and the detonation velocity maintained at 7362 m/s (82.4 % theoretical detonation velocity). This study offers a scalable manufacturing framework for developing energetic devices that combine mechanical properties, intrinsic safety, and adaptability to complex structures.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
爆炸化学
·
先进制造
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
·
2021
·Vol. 46
·期 12
·1837-1843
·
IF 1.887
Shuyi Duan,Feng Ding,Haitao Sun,Chun Xiao,Shangbin Li,Qing Zhu
To have a deep understanding of the effects of surface wettability on the mechanical sensitivity and rheological characteristics of PBX slurry, CL-20 particles with hydrophilic property was prepared through a polymerization process of dopamine, and CL-20 particles with hydrophobic property were prepared through a condensation polymerization process of hexadecyltrimethoxylsilane. The morphology, surface element content and surface wettability of CL-20 crystals before and after modification were characterized by scanning electronic microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and contact angle test. The rheological characteristics of CL-20 based PBX slurry showed that the interaction between explosive particles and binder was changed with different surface wettability of CL-20. The weaker interaction between CL-20@hydrophobic and binder lead to weaker solid-liquid friction, resulted in lower apparent viscosities of CL-20@hydrophobic based PBX slurry at high shear rate. The mechanical sensitivity of wax coated CL-20 with different surface wettability was tested. CL-20@hydrophobic-wax exhibited better mechanical stability compared to CL-20-wax and CL-20@hydrophilic-wax, probably owning to the weaker interaction between CL-20@hydrophobic surface and wax.
研究领域:
爆炸物化学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
·
2024
·
IF 4.1
Hui Wang,Hongtu Zhao,Wenbo Wu,Shifan Xu,Na Wang,Ting Wang,Xin Huang,Lina Zhou,Ying Bao,Hongxun Hao
The solubility performance of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane has been investigated by the combination of experimental measurement, solvent parameter analysis, and molecular simulation methods. The solubility in 10 pure solvents at 293.15 K to 343.15 K was determined. It was found that the solubility in nine solvents increased with temperature, except for isoamyl propionate. However, it has the largest solubility in isoamyl propionate (4.36 × 10 −2 ∼ 5.39 × 10 −2 ). Additionally, a correlation analysis was performed using four equations, which showed that the NRTL equation provided the best fit (overall average relative deviation = 3.74 %, overall coefficient of determination = 0.991). Moreover, the solvent effect was analyzed by Hansen solubility parameters, predicting good solubility in solvents with R a(V) ≤ 12.47 MPa 0.5 or Δ δ t ≤ 7.77 MPa 0.5 , indicating weak polarity of solvent and weak solvent–solvent intermolecular hydrogen bonds enhance dissolution. Furthermore, molecular electrostatic potential surface and radial distribution function analyses provided that weak hydrogen bonding C-H···O promotes dissolution.
研究领域:
化学
·
材料科学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POWDER TECHNOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 4.6
Wenyu Wu,Wenjie Liu,Meijie Li,Penglin Kang,Dongqian Fan,Xiaodong Li,Shuangqi Hu
Regulating the structure of energetic materials to enhance safety performance has become a hot topic for researchers in recent years. This study prepared spherical co-aggregated CL-20/HMX with controllable microstructure using a combination of microfluidic and self-assembly strategies within a modular micro-reaction system. The morphology and agglomeration structures of CL-20/HMX particles were investigated with different mixing plates, solvent/nonsolvent flow rate ratio, and solvent content. Spherical co-aggregated CL-20/HMX co-crystals were prepared under optimized conditions, and the formation mechanism was analyzed. The impact of the spherical aggregation structure on the thermal properties and mechanical sensitivity was thoroughly studied. The results indicate that the spherical co-aggregated CL-20/HMX was assembled from lamellar nanoparticles, controlling CL-20 crystal morphology at the molecular level. CL-20/HMX co-aggregated microspheres exhibit higher mechanical safety and thermal stability than conventional reaction samples and physical mixing samples. Combining spherical aggregation structures and a microfluidic approach enhances thermal decomposition stability and improves safety. This research offers a novel strategy for developing and fabricating other energetic materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
安全工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）