Purpose: To investigate the mechanism of action of galangin (GAL) against indomethacin (Indo)-induced gastric injury.
Methods: Ten micromolar GAL with 2 mM Indo or 0.5 mM L-NAME or 2 mM propargylglycine were co-administered to human gastric mucosal epithelial cells GES-1 for 24 h. Cell viability assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) test were conducted with commercial kits. Protein expressions of constitutive and inducible nitric oxide synthase (cNOS and iNOS, respectively), and cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE) in GSE-1 cells were investigated by western blot. After 100 - 300 mg/kg, GAL was daily administered to rats for 5 days, and 30 mg/kg Indo was administered to induce gastric injury. Protein expressions of endothelial NOS (eNOS), iNOS, CSE, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, PKC, Akt, phospho-eNOS (Ser-1177), and phospho-eNOS (Thr-495) were investigated by western blot.
Results: Galangin ameliorated the proliferative inhibitions of Indo, propargylglycine, and L-NAME on GSE-1 cells (p < 0.05), rapidly scavenged ROS, and increased cNOS protein expressions (p < 0.05). Galangin (300 mg/kg) inhibited protein expressions of iNOS (p < 0.01), NF-κB, Akt, and PKC (p < 0.05), inhibited the Ser-1177 and Thr 495 phosphorylation of eNOS, elevated eNOS and CSE protein expressions (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Galangin protects gastric mucosa from Indo by scavenging ROS and inhibiting protein expressions of Akt and PKC. The inhibition leads to Ser-1177 and Thr 495 dephosphorylation of eNOS, thereby prolonging eNOS activity. Besides, GAL inhibits iNOS-produced NO by inhibiting NF-κB to ameliorate the inflammatory reaction induced by Indo.
Solid-state lithium metal batteries (LMBs) using nonflammable solid electrolytes (SEs) are considered to be the new generation of energy storage devices with high energy density and good safety. However, many challenges, such as insufficient room-temperature ionic conductivity of SEs and tremendous electrode-electrolyte interfacial impedance, hinder the commercialization of solid-state LMBs. Here, we reported a novel composite solid electrolyte (CSE), consisting of a three-dimensional (3D) Li 6.25 Ga 0.25 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZO) nanoparticle-based framework and filled tripropylene gycol diacrylate (TPGDA)-based gel electrolytes, in which the gel electrolytes are prepared by in situ polymerization of the TPGDA monomer in the condition of liquid electrolyte . Owing to the high content of LLZO powder and PVDF binder, the nonflammable CSE shows superior thermal stability and outstanding mechanical property. Moreover, the CSE exhibits high room-temperature ionic conductivity (1.66 × 10 −3 S⋅cm −1 ) due to the large amount of liquid electrolyte loaded in the 3D framework. Besides, in-situ gel electrolytes facilitate the interfacial contact between electrolyte and lithium anode. Therefore, the LiFePO 4 /CSE/Li cell exhibits excellent cycling stability at room temperature , delivering a capacity retention ratio of 86.5% after 350 cycles at 1 C. This work can provide guidance in designing CSEs for high-performance lithium metal batteries.
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