FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY
·
2026
·Vol. 52
·期 3
·78
·
IF 3
Zhang Jingjing,Gao Xuejun,Ma Jun,Wu Limin,Shi Xi,Su Qing,Li Xuejun,Li Yongjing
Fluoride pollution in aquatic ecosystems poses substantial risks to aquatic organisms. However, most previous studies have focused on acute toxicity and skeletal fluorosis, whereas the chronic toxic effects of fluoride on non-skeletal tissues in fish remain poorly understood. In particular, the mechanisms underlying fluoride-induced toxicity, especially those associated with immune dysfunction and intestinal microbiota disruption, have yet to be fully elucidated. In the present study, juvenile crucian carp ( Carassius auratus ) were used as an experimental model to investigate the chronic toxic effects of fluoride on aquatic organisms. Fish were divided into four groups: a control group, an environmentally relevant NaF group (5 mg/L), and two sub-lethal NaF exposure groups (50 and 95 mg/L). Samples were collected at 45 and 90 days post-exposure. The results showed that exposure to fluoride resulted in significant pathological damage to gill, liver, intestine, and kidney tissues in a dose- and time-dependent manner. After 90 days of fluoride exposure, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD) and T-AOC in the gill, liver, intestine, and kidney were inhibited, while MDA levels were markedly increased, indicating enhanced oxidative stress. Meanwhile, the expression of immune-related genes, including NF-κB , IL-1 , TNF-α, IL-8 , C3 , and LYZ-C , was significantly downregulated in the 5 and 50 mg/L groups but markedly upregulated in the 95 mg/L group, indicating a dose-dependent immune response. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing showed that fluoride exposure induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, characterized by an increased abundance of potential pathogens Alsobacter and a reduced abundance of beneficial bacteria Gemmobacter and Dinghuibacter . Such dysbiosis may impair intestinal barrier function and disturb local immune homeostasis, thereby contributing to the altered immune responses. Overall, this study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the chronic toxicity of fluoride in fish, particularly in non-skeletal tissues and the immune system, and highlights the ecological risks associated with long-term fluoride exposure in aquatic environments.
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FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
·
2023
·
IF 4.7
Senyue Liu,Ming Xu,Baipeng Chen,Fulong Li,Yongqiang Deng,Yufan Zhang,Gang Lin,Defang Chen,Yi Geng,Yangping Ou,Xiaoli Huang
Because of the low host specificity , Ichthyophthirius multifiliis ( Ich ) can widely cause white spot disease in aquatic animals, which is extremely difficult to treat. Prior research has demonstrated a considerable impact of concentrated mannan-oligosaccharide (cMOS) on the prevention of white spot disease in goldfish , but the specific mechanism is still unknown. In this study, transcriptome sequencing, histological analysis, immunofluorescence analysis, phagocytosis activity assay and qRT-PCR assay were used to systematically reveal the potential mechanism of cMOS in supporting the resistance of goldfish ( Carrasius auratus ) to Ich invasion. According to the transcriptome analysis, the gill tissue of goldfish receiving the cMOS diet showed greater expression of mannose-receptor (MRC) related genes, higher phagocytosis activity, up-regulated expression of phagocytosis-related genes and inflammatory-related genes compared with the control, indicating that cMOS can have an effect on phagocytosis and non-specific immunity of goldfish. After the Ich challenge, transcriptome analysis revealed that cMOS fed goldfish displayed a higher level of phagocytic response, whereas non-cMOS fed goldfish displayed a greater inflammatory reaction. Besides, after Ich infection, cMOS-fed goldfish displayed greater phagocytosis activity, a stronger MRC positive signal, higher expression of genes associated with phagocytosis ( ABCB2 , C3 , MRC ), and lower expression of genes associated with inflammation ( IL-1β, IL-17, IL-8, TNF-α, NFKB ). In conclusion, our experimental results suggest that cMOS may support phagocytosis by binding to MRC on the macrophage cell membrane and change the non-specific immunity of goldfish by stimulating cytokine expression. The results of this study provide new insights for the mechanism of cMOS on parasitic infection, and also suggest phagocytosis-related pathways may be potential targets for prevention of Ich infection.
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Frontiers in Microbiology
·
2023
·
IF 5.2
Haisu Liu,Hang Zhang,Qianxun Yu,Sanshan Zhang,Xiao Tu,Fenghong Zhuang,Shengli Fu
Lead (Pb) is a hazardous pollutant in water environments that can cause significant damage to aquatic animals and humans. In this study, crucian carp ( Carassius auratus ) were exposed to waterborne Pb for 96 h; then, histopathological analysis, quantitative qPCR analysis, and 16S high-throughput sequencing were performed to explore the effects of Pb on intestinal bioaccumulation, structural damage, oxidative stress, immune response, and microbiota imbalance of C. auratus . After Pb exposure, the intestinal morphology was obviously damaged, including significantly increasing the thickness of the intestinal wall and the number of goblet cells and reducing the depth of intestinal crypts. Pb exposure reduced the mRNA expressions of Claudin-7 and villin-1 while significantly elevated the level of GST, GSH, CAT, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1 , and TNF- α. Furthermore, 16S rRNA analysis showed that the Shannon and Simpson indices decreased at 48 h after Pb exposure, and the abundance of pathogenic bacteria (Erysipelotrichaceae, Weeksellaceae, and Vibrionaceae) increased after Pb exposure. In addition, the correlation network analysis found that Proteobacteria were negatively correlated with Firmicutes and positively correlated with Bacteroidetes . Functional prediction analysis of bacteria speculated that the change in intestinal microbiota led to the PPAR signaling pathway and peroxisome function of the intestine of crucian carp was increased, while the immune system and membrane transport function were decreased. Finally, canonical correlation analysis (CCA) found that there were correlations between the intestinal microbiota, morphology, antioxidant factors, and immune factors of crucian carp after Pb exposure. Taken together, our results demonstrated that intestinal flora dysbiosis, morphological disruption, oxidative stress, and immune injury are involved in the toxic damage of Pb exposure to the intestinal structure and function of crucian carp. Meanwhile, Pb exposure rapidly increased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria, leading to intestinal disorders, further aggravating the damage of Pb to intestinal structure and function. These findings provide us a basis for the link between gut microbiome changes and heavy metal toxicity, and gut microbiota can be used as biomarkers for the evaluation of heavy metal pollution in future.
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SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
·
2025
·
IF 8
Yao Yao,Yunshan Zhang,Binqing Xue,Weihua Chu
Mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) is one of the major biologically active metabolites of phthalate plasticizers that pose a health threat to aquatic animals. In this study, we investigated the ecotoxicological effects of MEHP on liver damage and gut microbiota in crucian carp ( Carassius carassius ) and the mitigating effects of Lactobacillus brevis Lb-0401 as a dietary supplement. The results showed that MEHP induced hepatotoxicity and increased serum AST, ALT and triglyceride levels, while L. brevis Lb-0401 alleviated abnormalities in serum metabolic parameters and increased antioxidant enzymes (T-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px). Further transcriptome and microbiota analysis revealed that MEHP exposure caused hepatic glucose, lipid and purine metabolism disorders, inhibited energy production and disrupted gut microbial homeostasis. Administration of L. brevis Lb-0401 reversed all these changes. In conclusion, this study not only provides new mechanistic insights into the ecotoxicological effects of MEHP, but also suggests a potential strategy using intestinal autochthonous probiotic bacteria to mitigate the harmful effects of phthalate plasticisers on aquatic organisms.
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FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
·
2019
·
IF 3.298
Limin Wu,Yongjing Li,Yufeng Xu,Lei Wang,Xiao Ma,Chuanju Dong,Xianliang Zhao,Xue Tian,Xuejun Li,Xianghui Kong
Myostatin , through type I receptor (kinase 4, 5, ALK4/5), functions to participate in the immune system and negatively regulate muscle growth in mammals. However, the role of myostatin ( mstn ) in the immune system of teleosts is largely unknown. In a previous study, we cloned the mstn1 cDNA encoding myostatin in Qi river crucian carp ( Carassius auratus ). In the present study, we have cloned mstn2 cDNA, which was characterized and analyzed together with mstn1 . Tissue distribution analysis showed that both mstn genes are expressed in numerous tissues, with mstn1 dominantly expressed in the muscle and brain , whereas mstn2 is mainly expressed in the brain. During embryogenesis , mstn1 and mstn2 exhibit different expression patterns. Both mstn1 and mstn2 expression increased stepwise in the brain at different developmental stages. Furthermore, both genes are differentially regulated during different periods of fasting/re-feeding. Following the exposure of C. auratus to polyI:C, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and Aeromonas hydrophila , both genes were upregulated in different tissues, which indicated that they might be involved in the immune response against pathogenic invasion. Blocking the Mstn signal pathway with SB-431542 (a chemical inhibitor of ALK4/5) resulted in significantly increased body length and weight. However, the mortality of SB-431542-treated fish was higher after A. hydrophila challenge. Moreover, decreased expression of lysozymes ( lyz ), complement component 3 ( c3 ), β-defensin 3 ( defb3 ), and interferon γ ( ifnγ ) were exhibited in treated fish, compared with the controls. Furthermore, the expression of nf-κb1 , three pro-inflammatory cytokines ( il1 β , il6, and tnfα ), and inflammatory cytokines ( il8 and il10 ) were significantly increased in both the SB-431542-treated group and the control after A. hydrophila infection, suggesting that the NF-κB pathway was not suppressed in the SB-431542-treated fish. Taken together, our data suggest that both mstn1 and mstn2 play important roles in early body development, muscle growth, and the immune system by acting downstream of the NF-κB signal pathway.
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SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
·
2022
·
IF 10.753
Biao Yan,Jian Han,Yumiao Sun,Lei Lei,Jing Yuan,Zhixian Qiao,Jun Men,Xin Wang,Yongyong Guo,Qidong Wang,Bingsheng Zhou
Glyphosate (GLY) contamination widely occurred in aquatic environments including aquaculture systems and raised hazard to aquatic organisms such as fish. Probiotics have been reported to alleviate contaminants-induced toxicity. However, whether probiotics could reduce the health risk of GLY to fish remain unknown. Here we investigated the impacts of GLY on crucian carp ( Carassius auratus ) by focusing on the protective roles of two commonly used aquaculture probiotics, Bacillus coagulans (BC) and Clostridium butyricum (CB). Exposure to GLY significantly caused growth retardation and reduced visceral fat and intestinal lipase activity in crucian carp. 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that dysbiosis of Bacteroidetes at phylum level and Flavobacterium at genus level might be primarily responsible for GLY-induced negative growth performance. High throughput targeted quantification for metabolites revealed that GLY changed intestinal metabolites profiles, especially the reduced bile acids and short-chain fatty acids. However, the addition of BC or CB effectively attenuated the adverse effects above by remodeling the gut microbiota composition and improving microbial metabolism. The present study provides novel evidence for ameliorating the harmful effects of GLY on fish species by adding probiotics, which highlights the potential application of probiotics in reducing the health risks of GLY in aquatic environment.
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FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY
·
2022
·
IF 4.622
Yipeng Gu,Kai Chen,Bingwen Xi,Jun Xie,Xuwen Bing
Paeonol, a naturally occurring polyphenol isolated from medical plant , has been known to exhibit anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. In order to evaluate the effect of paeonol on Carassius auratus gibelio infected by pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydriphila . 750 fish were randomly divided into 5 groups, which separately treated with 0.85% sterile saline (blank), A. hydriphila (negative control), A. hydriphila with paeonol (4 mg/kg, 64 mg/kg), and A. hydriphila with enrofloxacin (12 mg/kg, positive control). Fish were anaesthetized with MS-222 (100 mg/L), and samples were collected at 6 and 72 h after A. hydriphila challenge. The results showed that compared with the negative group, the survival in paeonol groups marked increased by 14.75% and 18.94%. The plasma immunoglobulin M (IgM) was notably increased, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) was significantly decreased in paeonol groups at 6 h ( P < 0.05). The antioxidative enzymes catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were significantly increased in paeonol groups at 6 h, while malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) contents were lower ( P < 0.05). The inflammatory related genes MyD88 and TLR-5 were significantly downregulated, and the TLR-3 was significantly increased in paeonol groups at 72 h ( P < 0.05). In addition, histopathological analyses showed that the lesion in liver, spleen and caudal kidney were considerably attenuated in paeonol groups. In conclusion, paeonol could increase the survival rate, mitigate oxidative damage, inflammation, tissue lesions, and improve the immunity of gibel carp challenged with A. hydrophila .
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ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY
·
2013
·Vol. 29
·期 12
·1460-1470
·
IF 2.708
Mingbao Feng,Ruijuan Qu,Ying Li,Zhongbo Wei,Zunyao Wang
Hexabromobenzene (HBB) is a novel brominated flame retardant (BFR) with ample evidence of its ubiquitous existence in the aquatic ecosystems. However, to date, the toxicological effects of this BFR on fish have been inadequately researched. The present study was conducted, based on an in vivo model, to investigate HBB-induced biochemical changes in liver and gill tissues of Carassius auratus after medium-term exposure to different concentrations (10, 150, and 300 mg/kg) for 7, 14, and 25 days. Oxidative stress was evoked evidently for the prolonged exposure, demonstrated by significant inhibition in antioxidant enzymes activities including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase, and a decrease in reduced glutathione level, as well as simultaneous elevation in malondialdehyde content. Moreover, Na + , K + -ATPase activity, and protein level were remarkably reduced in fish tissues. Based on the integrated biomarker response, the toxic potency in each treatment was distinguished, and the more severe stress was mainly noted with the increasing concentrations and the extending durations. It was also observed that liver exhibited more pronounced alterations in biochemical parameters than gill, probably indicating the vulnerability of liver to HBB-triggered oxidative stress. Taken together, the results of this study clearly showed that HBB was capable of inducing oxidative stress and inhibiting Na + , K + -ATPase activity in different tissues of C. auratus after medium-term exposure. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 1460–1470, 2014.
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COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 4.3
Lin Han,Wenzhi Liu,Fangying Yuan,Qianwen Liu,Hongyu Cheng,Xiaofeng Jin,Yanchun Sun
The ecological conditions of freshwater aquaculture are deteriorating by degrees in recent years. Consequently, the comprehensive utilization of saline-alkaline water has garnered increasing societal attention. Here, crucian carp ( Carassius auratus ) were exposed to 20, 40 mmol/L NaHCO 3 for 30 days (T, F group). Metabolomic analyses were conducted using UPLC-QTOF/MS, complemented by biochemical and microbiology profiling to elucidate the damage of the saline environment to the intestinal microbial structure, which in turn interfered with the energy metabolism. It was observed that carbonate alkalinity (CA) exposure not only caused intestine oxidative stress but also changed the levels of several digestive enzymes, including α-amylase (AMS), chymotrypsin (CHY), lipase (LPS). Metabolomic analysis identified 22 different metabolites (DEMs) in T group and 77 DEMs in F group. MetaboAnalyst analysis indicated that these metabolites are primarily involved in energy-related pathways, including the citric acid cycle, galactose metabolism, and glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. Intestinal microbial diversity and community composition were altered under carbonate alkalinity exposure, with increase in Proteobacteria abundance and decline in Firmicutes, abundance alongside enrichment of Sphingomonas . Herein, saline-alkaline stress disrupted the physiological homeostasis of the crucian carp intestine, leading to microbial dysbiosis and energy metabolic imbalance. This study provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the stress response of the crucian carp intestine and the role of the intestinal microbiome in host resilience under adverse environmental conditions.
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Animals
·
2025
·Vol. 15
·期 2
·140
·
IF 2.7
Kexin Ma,Yueyao Yang,Yifan Li,Chuan Li,Taicheng Li,Haiyan Ma,Zibin Jiang,He Zhou,Wei Wang
Simple SummaryOur study investigates the karyotype of a vital polyploid fish,Carassius auratus gibelio. We found 150 chromosomes with 6 nucleolar organizer regions, suggesting complex chromosomal interactions. Male and femaleC. gibelioshow different chromosome pairings, indicating asynchronous evolution. The formation of two trivalents or two bivalents and two univalents from six NOR bearing chromosomes in maleC. gibeliois considered evidence of being in the process of rediploidization. The presence of only univalents and bivalents in the oocytes of femaleC. gibelioindicates that their cytogenetics are more stable, suggesting that they have completed rediploidization. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and evolutionary outcomes of this species’ genome. They provide relevant insights for further exploration of the reproductive modes of polyploid organisms and breeding strategies.Carassius auratus gibelio, a significant polyploid fish in Chinese aquaculture, can reproduce through both unisexual gynogenesis and sexual reproduction. WhileC. gibeliois known to exhibit polyploidy throughout its lifecycle, whether the homologous pairing of chromosomes is associated with the mode of reproduction remains unclear. Our study determined its karyotype as 2n = 150, comprising 42 metacentric, 24 submetacentric, 6 subtelocentric, and 78 telocentric chromosomes. Using AgNORs, CMA3/DAPI double fluorescence staining, and FISH, we identified six nucleolar organizer regions inC. gibeliochromosomes. FemaleC. gibelioexhibited only univalent and bivalent configurations, while males showed a range of chromosome configurations from univalent to hexavalent. CMA3-positive sites and FISH signals in trivalents spermatocytes hint at homologous triploidization. The formation of two trivalents or two bivalents and two univalents from six NORs bearing chromosomes in maleC. gibeliois considered evidence of being in the process of rediploidization. The presence of only univalents and bivalents in the oocytes of femaleC. gibelioindicates that their cytogenetics are more stable, suggesting that they have completed rediploidization. Asynchronous progression of polyploidization may lead to differences in reproductive patterns between male and femaleC. gibelio. Our results offer cytogenetic insights into the polyploidy and evolution ofC. gibelio, providing foundational cytogenomics data. This study provides relevant references for revealing the distinct reproductive strategies of male and femaleC. gibelio: under stable conditions, gynogenesis enables rapid clonal reproduction and swift population growth, while sexual reproduction enhances the genetic diversity within the population.
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COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-TOXICOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY
·
2022
·
IF 4.52
Yipeng Gu,Kai Chen,Bingwen Xi,Jun Xie,Xuwen Bing
Paeonol (2′-hydroxy-4′-methoxyacetophenone) is a phenol that exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capabilities. In this study, the underlying mechanism of paeonol against LPS-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in gibel carp was investigated. Three hundred healthy gibel carp were divided into five groups ( n = 9), intraperitoneally injected with LPS and thereafter treated with paeonol (16 mg/kg and 64 mg/kg). Fish were anesthetized with MS-222 (100 mg/L), and samples were collected at 72 h to investigate plasma biochemical indexes, liver histopathology , antioxidant enzymatic activity , and TLR receptor-related gene expression. Fish injected with LPS (20 mg/kg) exhibited significantly increased plasma aminotransferase (ALT), aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose (GLU), diamine oxidase (DAO), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels ( P < 0.05). In addition, LPS challenge significantly enhanced myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, whereas those of catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) decreased ( P < 0.05). However, treatment with paeonol attenuated these LPS-induced changes ( P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of TLR4 , TIRAP , MyD88 , TRAF6 , NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-8, which were activated by LPS challenge ( P < 0.05), were downregulated by paeonol. Additionally, histopathological examination demonstrated that paeonol alleviates LPS-induced hepatic tissue lesions in fish. Taken together, the results suggest that paeonol mitigates LPS-induced liver oxidative stress and inflammation in gibel carp.
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ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
·
2025
·
IF 7.3
Peng Zhang,Guanghua Lu,Leibo Zhang,Zhenhua Yan,Min Wang
Microplastics (MPs) can accumulate and enrich antibiotics in aquatic environments, with their interactions exacerbating threats to aquatic organisms and complicating hepatotoxicity. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the effects of single or combined exposure to polyethylene MPs and ciprofloxacin (CIP) on hepatic injury in crucian carp, and to reveal the potential gut-liver axis toxicity mechanisms. The results showed that MPs enhanced the bioaccumulation of CIP, which increased with increasing MPs concentration. Co-exposure induced extensive eosinophilic necrosis and localised hepatocyte clustering in hepatocytes, alongside severe vacuolization and lymphocytic infiltration in intestinal cells. Glutamate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities, and total antioxidant capacity levels in the liver were significantly elevated, whilst glutamyltransferase activities were suppressed by the co-exposure. High-concentration MPs in combination with CIP significantly enriched the pathways of amino acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and primary bile acid biosynthesis in the liver. Moreover, co-exposure markedly suppressed the abundance of Cetobacterium while promoting that of Gemmobacter and Bosea . The imbalances in Bacteroides and pathogens ( Aeromonas and Bose ) are closely associated with related products in primary bile acid biosynthesis and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways. These findings underscore that exposure to MPs and CIP induces hepatitis and reveal the pivotal role of the indirect gut-liver axis in elucidating the potential mechanisms underlying hepatotoxicity induced by co-exposure, thereby furnishing critical evidence for the holistic assessment of health hazards posed by these pollutants.
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