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Impacts of surface wettability and roughness of styrene-acrylic resin films on adhesion behavior of microalgae Chlorella sp

Jing Tang,Bin Liu,Lili Gao,Wenqing Wang,Tianzhong Liu,Ge Su

Biofilm attached cultivation is a promising method for efficient production of microalgae. Determining the surface property index to select an appropriate substrate benefiting the algae adhesion and biofilm formation is very important for the cultivation method. This work focused on elucidating and quantifying the influence of surface wettability and roughness of substrate on Chlorella vulgaris adhesion. Firstly, surface modified styrene-acrylic (SA) resin films by adding different dosage of perfluoroalkyl ethyl acrylate (FM) were prepared. Property characterization shows that the surface contact angle in water, formamide and diiodomethane of FM modified SA films is significantly associated with the FM dosage, while the other surface properties including zeta potential, surface potential and surface roughness have insignificant difference. The calculated surface free energy parameters show that the SA films belong to the non-polar substrata. A well quantitative correlation that the adhesion capacity of C. vulgaris linearly declines with the increase of water contact angle was obtained. And a near linear relationship between the adhesion capacity and the surface free energy (γ), or the cohesion free energy ( Δ G c o h ) $\Delta G_{coh})$ was also observed. Secondly, the surface roughness solely changed SA films were prepared by replicating the morphology of stainless steel sieves through the PDMS template method. The patterned SA films have alternately arranged rectangular “valleys” and “ridges”. A well linear correlation between the microalgae adhesion capacity and the surface roughness was also obtained.

Discerning promotion mechanisms of fungi Clonostachys rosea on growth of freshwater microalga Chlorella sp. by non-contact culture

Juan Liu,Shiqing Sun,Kangyu Chen,Shumei Gao,Dixing Chen,Yuejin Zhang,Changwei Hu

Fungi-microalgae consortia have great potential in microalgae harvesting and wastewater treatment. However, the symbiotic mechanisms underlying diffusible signaling metabolite production by fungi and microalgae remain unclear. Here, the positive impacts of Clonostachys rosea on Chlorella sp. were investigated using metabolomics and transcriptomics during a 5-day non-contact co-culture experiment. Co-cultured Chlorella sp. had a significantly higher growth rate and better photosynthetic performance than its mono-culture equivalent. The metabolites played important roles in the up-regulation of energy and amino acid metabolism processes in algal cells, whilst transcriptomics showed the up-regulation of genes involved in photosynthesis and signaling molecules. The biosynthesis of tryptophan and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was up-regulated in both algal cells and fungi, indicating that IAA is an important diffusible signaling molecule for algal growth regulation. This work provides novel insights into the signaling molecule interactions between fungi and microalgae in fungi-microalgae consortia.

The ecotoxicological effects of chromium (III) oxide nanoparticles to Chlorella sp.: perspective from the physiological and transcriptional responses

Liu Huan-Huan,Yang Lei,Li Xiao-Tong,Shi Hui,Guo Lin-Kai,Tu Li-Xin,Wang Jia,Li Yan-Li

Extensive application of nanomaterials enlarges its concentrations in the aquatic environments and poses a threat to algae. This study comprehensively analyzed the physiological and transcriptional responses of Chlorella sp. after being exposed to chromium (III) oxide nanoparticles (nCr 2 O 3 ). The nCr 2 O 3 at 0–100 mg/L presented adverse effects on cell growth (96 h EC 50  = 16.3 mg/L), decreasing the photosynthetic pigment concentrations and photosynthetic activity. Moreover, more extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), especially polysaccharides in soluble EPS, were produced in algae cell, which mitigated the damage of nCr 2 O 3 to cells. However, with the increase of nCr 2 O 3 doses, the EPS protective responses were exhausted, accompanied by toxicity in the form of organelle damage and metabolic disturbance. The enhanced acute toxicity was closely related to the physical contact of nCr 2 O 3 with cells, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity. Firstly, large amounts of nCr 2 O 3 aggregated around and were attached to cells, causing physical damage. Then, the intracellular reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased that led to lipid peroxidation, especially at 50–100 mg/L nCr 2 O 3 . Finally, the transcriptomic analysis further revealed that the transcription of ribosome, glutamine, and thiamine metabolism-related genes were impaired under 20 mg/L nCr 2 O 3 , suggesting nCr 2 O 3 inhibited algal cell growth through metabolism, cell defense, and repair, etc. Graphical Abstract

Multi-omics reveals coordinated intracellular–extracellular metabolic remodeling underlying lambda-cyhalothrin transformation and tolerance in Chlorella sp. XDA-R55

Liping Yang,Nuerbiye Yisimayi,Wanyi Zhang,Mingyang Sun,Xinyue Tang,Lingna Chen,Yongkun Chen,Ai Shanjiang

A highly tolerant Chlorella sp. achieved efficient lambda-cyhalothrin transformation. • Multi-omics revealed coordinated detoxification and metabolic remodeling. • Intracellular–extracellular remodeling drove adaptive LC responses. • XDA-R55 treatment reduced lambda-cyhalothrin-induced oxidative stress and toxicity. • Mechanisms underlying microalgal pesticide adaptation were elucidated. Lambda-cyhalothrin (LC), a widely used pyrethroid insecticide, poses persistent ecological risks due to its toxicity and environmental persistence. In this study, a microalga strain, Chlorella sp. XDA-R55, was investigated as a potential biological platform for LC-contaminated water remediation. XDA-R55 maintained active growth under 20 mg/L LC exposure and promoted 96.6% LC removal within 6 days without external carbon supplementation. Physiological analyses revealed that XDA-R55 alleviated LC-induced oxidative stress by enhancing antioxidant defense systems and maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses indicated that XDA-R55 facilitates the detoxification and transformation of LC by upregulating genes associated with glutathione metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and ABC transporters. Several putative transformation products, such as 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, were identified and exhibited transient accumulation followed by decline. Ecological safety assessments demonstrated that water treated with XDA-R55 significantly alleviated oxidative stress, metabolic disturbances, and immune suppression in zebrafish, with most biomarkers recovering to levels comparable to those in the control group. Moreover, as a photoautotrophic organism, XDA-R55 facilitated LC removal and transformation without external carbon supplementation, providing a sustainable and environmentally compatible strategy for pesticide-contaminated water remediation. These findings provide mechanistic insights into microalgal adaptation and LC transformation under pesticide stress, and highlight the potential of Chlorella sp. XDA-R55 for mitigating the ecological risks associated with LC-contaminated water. Download: Download high-res image (189KB) Download: Download full-size image

Impact of UV irradiation on Chlorella sp. damage and disinfection byproducts formation during subsequent chlorination of algal organic matter

Feilong Dong,Qiufeng Lin,Jing Deng,Tuqiao Zhang,Cong Li,Xuedong Zai

The frequent occurrence of algal blooms in surface water has attracted more and more attention, which caused many water quality problems, including disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Algal organic matter (AOM) including intracellular organic matter (IOM) and extracellular organic matter (EOM), was a well-known precursor to DBPs formation in drinking water. This study evaluated the effect of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the cell integrity, IOM release and DBPs formation during subsequent chlorination of Chlorella sp. Results showed the damage rates of algal cells increased to 40.1% after the high UV irradiation of 528 mJ/cm 2 , which contributed to the release of IOM. In addition, UV irradiation was effective in reducing the formation of haloacetic acids (HAAs) both in AOM and IOM, but promoted the formation of nitrogenous DBPs (N-DBPs) from AOM in subsequent chlorination. Furthermore, neutral pH exerted a positive effect on the formation of DBPs. UV irradiation decreased the bromine substitution factor (BSF) value of AOM at a high bromide level. The BSF values increased with increasing of the concentration of bromide. Moreover, more amino acids and low molecular weight precursors were produced after UV irradiation in filtered supernatant, which contributed to the formation of N-DBPs with algal chlorination. Overall, this information demonstrated pre-oxidation of UV irradiation could be used to treat the algal-rich drinking water.

A novel approach for improving carbon fixation of Chlorella sp. by elements in converter steel slag using machine learning

Tian-Ji Liu,Qing Yu,Yi-Tong Wang,Jun-Guo Li,Xiao-Man Wang,Le-Le Kang,Rui Ji,Fu-Ping Wang,Ya-Nan Zeng,Shuang Cai

This study investigates the biomass and carbon fixation rate of Chlorella sp. by the main valuable elements in converter steel slag in F/2 seawater medium. The results indicate that Ca, Mg, P, Si, Fe, and Mn can increase the biomass and carbon fixation rate of Chlorella sp. , while Cu, Zn, Cr, and Al can decrease the biomass and carbon fixation rate of Chlorella sp. . Three machine learning methods known as Back Propagation neural network (BPNN), decision tree (DT), and random forest (RF) were applied to construct the prediction model for the carbon fixation rate of Chlorella sp. based on real-life experimental data obtained from single factor experiments. The overall results exhibited that the BPNN model is better than the DT model and RF model to predict the carbon fixation rate of Chlorella sp. . Finally, the maximum carbon fixation rate for Chlorella sp. predicted by BPNN model is 50.86 mg/(L·d), which was 2.46 times that of the control group, under the optimum conditions of Ca 5.77 g/L, Mg 4.74 g/L, P 1.27 g/L, Si 6.31×10 −1 g/L, Fe 6.50×10 −4 g/L, Mn 5.00×10 −5 g/L, Cu 2.51×10 −6 g/L, Zn 4.98×10 −6 g/L, Cr 0 g/L, and Al 0 g/L in F/2 seawater medium.

Biogenic synthesis of ferrous(III) oxide and Fe3O4/SiO2 using Chlorella sp. and its adsorption properties of water contaminated with copper(II) ions

Shireen Ibrahim Hamadamin,Sewgil Saaduldeen Anwer,Parween Mohsin Abdulkareem,Kwestan Hassan Sdiq