BMC BIOLOGY
·
2024
·Vol. 22
·期 1
·1-14
·
IF 4.4
Jia Qiangqiang,Yang Liu,Wen Jiamin,Liu Suning,Wen Di,Luo Wei,Wang Weihua,Palli Subba Reddy,Sheng Li
Background Juvenile hormones (JH) play crucial role in regulating development and reproduction in insects. The most common form of JH is JH III, derived from MF through epoxidation by CYP15 enzymes. However, in the higher dipterans, such as the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster , a bis-epoxide form of JHB3, accounted most of the JH detected. Moreover, these higher dipterans have lost the CYP15 gene from their genomes. As a result, the identity of the P450 epoxidase in the JH biosynthesis pathway in higher dipterans remains unknown. Results In this study, we show that Cyp6g2 serves as the major JH epoxidase responsible for the biosynthesis of JHB3 and JH III in D. melanogaster . The Cyp6g2 is predominantly expressed in the corpus allatum (CA), concurring with the expression pattern of jhamt , another well-studied gene that is crucial in the last steps of JH biosynthesis. Mutation in Cyp6g2 leads to severe disruptions in larval-pupal metamorphosis and exhibits reproductive deficiencies, exceeding those seen in jhamt mutants. Notably, Cyp6g2 −/− ::jhamt 2 double mutants all died at the pupal stage but could be rescued through the topical application of JH analogs. JH titer analyses revealed that both Cyp6g2 −/− mutant and jhamt 2 mutant lacking JHB3 and JH III, while overexpression of Cyp6g2 or jhamt caused a significant increase in JHB3 and JH III titer. Conclusions These findings collectively established that Cyp6g2 as the major JH epoxidase in the higher dipterans and laid the groundwork for the further understanding of JH biosynthesis. Moreover, these findings pave the way for developing specific Cyp6g2 inhibitors as insect growth regulators or insecticides.
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PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
·
2026
·
IF 4.2
Fan Zhang,Yu-Qiu Xie,Yan-Chao Zhang,Cong-Fen Gao
BACKGROUND Moulting is a crucial process in the growth and development of insects and is also a key focus in the development of insecticides. Cyromazine, a moulting disruptor, is widely used to control dipteran pests, yet its mechanism of action and the genetic basis of resistance remain unclear. This study aimed to systematically investigate the inheritance pattern, potential resistance mechanisms, and associated fitness costs by developing a cyromazine-resistant Drosophila melanogaster strain through continuous laboratory selection. RESULTS After long-term directional selection, we successfully established the cyromazine-resistance (Cyr-R) strain with a resistance ratio of 50.19-fold. Genetic analysis revealed that the resistance trait is autosomal, incompletely dominance and polygenic. The Cyr-R strain exhibited only a 4.64-fold low level cross-resistance to chlorfluazuron, with no cross-resistance to other tested insect growth regulators. Notably, the Cyr-R strain exhibited substantial fitness costs: the fecundity and egg hatch rate, pupation rate and eclosion rate had significantly reduced. RNA-sequencing and enzyme activity assays combined with synergism bioassays demonstrated that the cytochrome P450 enzymes play crucial roles in resistance to cyromazine. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and molecular docking suggested the possibility that the binding affinities between cyromazine and four cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (P450) proteins. CONCLUSION Our study has provided comprehensive characterizations of cyromazine resistance in D. melanogaster , highlighting its slow resistance development, limited cross-resistance, and fitness costs. These findings offer valuable insights for resistance management strategies and further mechanistic studies. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
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JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2025
·
IF 6.2
Hailiang Guo,Wenjin Xia,Changyang Chen,Song Yang,Dongmei Sun,Jizu Qiao,Jianya Su
Nicotinamidase (Naam), which is essential for insect NAD synthesis but absent in mammals, represents a potential pesticide target. Virtual screening identified 1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridinyl]-ethanone (4-TFPE) as a potent inhibitor of Myzus persicae (IC50 = 4.156 μM) and Drosophila melanogaster (IC50 = 2.855 μM) Naam. While 4-TFPE reduced pupal weight, development, and longevity in both species, it showed no lethal toxicity. Crucially, Naam expression was upregulated by nicotinamide accumulation, revealing a feedback regulation mechanism that compromises its pesticidal potential. Furthermore, Flumetnicam’s neurotoxic effects were found to be Naam-independent. These findings highlight how target compensation mechanisms can undermine pesticide development focused on single metabolic enzymes, suggesting the need for multitarget strategies.
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Frontiers in Microbiology
·
2026
·
IF 5.8
Yuling Dong,Beibei Du,Changjian Xie,Shujing Zhang,Qiuxiang Pang,Desheng Zhang
Potassium sorbate (PS) is a widely used antimicrobial additive employed as a preservative in food, cosmetics, and animal feed. Early childhood represents a critical developmental window characterized by rapid growth, immune system maturation, gut microbiota establishment, and physiological homeostasis development, which may be particularly vulnerable to chemical exposures (during which chemical exposures may exert heightened impacts). Nevertheless, the effects of PS on childhood development and gut microbiota remain poorly understood, and its potential trans-generational effects have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we employed Drosophila melanogaster, an established model for studying evolutionarily conserved aspects of development, metabolism, and host–microbiota interactions, to systematically evaluate PS toxicity across multiple parameters: developmental dynamics, gut microbiota composition, gene regulation in adulthood, and trans-generational effects. Our findings demonstrate a dose-dependent biphasic response: while low-dose PS exposure (25 mg/L) accelerated larval pupation and adult emergence, suggesting a potential growth-promoting effect, high-dose exposure (≥ 500 mg/L) significantly delayed development and reduced adult lifespan (observed in females at 1,000 and males at 500–1,000 mg/L). Notably, trans-generational analysis revealed persistent developmental delays in the F1 generation, with offspring of 1,000 mg/L-exposed parents showing prolonged larval pupation time despite normal adult emergence timelines, indicative of partial developmental recovery. Mechanistically, high-dose PS disrupted endocrine signaling and altered expression of key developmental pathway regulators (EcR, InR, TOR, and E74B). These transcriptional changes were largely reversible in offspring, further supporting a similar gradually wash out recovery. While gut microbiota remained stable in exposed parents, offspring of 1,000 mg/L-exposed flies had significant microbiome alterations, highlighting clear trans-generational dysbiosis. This study provides new evidence that PS exposure during a sensitive developmental period in D. melanogaster can perturb development and gut microbial homeostasis across generations, offering insights relevant to understanding how early-life chemical exposures might influence conserved biological processes in higher organisms.
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Insects
·
2023
·Vol. 14
·期 12
·959
·
IF 3
Jun-Hyoung Jeon,Seon-Ah Jeong,Doo-Sang Park,Hong-Hyun Park,Sang-Woon Shin,Hyun-Woo Oh
Simple SummarySeveral plant species have diterpene compounds with juvenile hormone (JH) disruptor activity in insects. Demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) are two curcuminoid components of turmeric, interfering with the JH-mediated formation of the JH receptor complex. In vitro, DMC and BDMC also inhibit larval and pupal development inDrosophila melanogaster. The results suggest that both DMC and BDMC are JH disruptors that affect insect growth and development by regulating JH-mediated gene expression.AbstractJuvenile hormones (JHs) play a central role in insect development, reproduction, and various physiological functions. Curcuminoids generally exhibit a wide range of biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and insecticidal, and they exhibit insect growth inhibitory effects. However, research on insecticidal properties of curcuminoids has been limited. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, studies on JHs of insects and curcuminoids are lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the substances that act as JH disruptors (JHDs) from edible plants. Demethoxycurcumin (DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC), two curcuminoids from the turmeric plantCurcuma longaL. inhibited the formation of a methoprene-tolerant (Met)–Taiman (Tai) heterodimer complex inDrosophila melanogaster, as shown through in vitro yeast two-hybrid assays. An artificial diet containing 1% (w/v) DMC or BDMC significantly reduced the number ofD. melanogasterlarvae in a concentration-dependent manner; larval development was disrupted, preventing the progression of larvae to pupal stages, resulting in an absence of adults. Building on the results obtained in this study on curcuminoids, researchers can use our study as a reference to develop eco-friendly pesticides.Keywords:juvenile hormone;methoprene-tolerant;diterpene;juvenile hormone disruptor;curcuminoids;demethoxycurcumin;bisdemethoxycurcumin
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Cell and Bioscience
·
2023
·Vol. 13
·期 1
·1-20
·
IF 7.5
Mi Kai,Li Yiqing,Yang Yuhang,Secombe Julie,Liu Xingyin
Background Drosophila melanogaster is excellent animal model for understanding the molecular basis of human neurological and motor disorders. The experimental conditions and chamber design varied between studies. Moreover, most previously established paradigms focus on fly trace detection algorithm development. A comprehensive understanding on how fly behaves in the chamber is still lacking. Results In this report, we established 74 unique behavior metrics quantifying spatiotemporal characteristics of adult fly locomotion and social behaviors, of which 49 were newly proposed. By the aiding of the developed analysis pipeline, Drosophila video tracking (DVT), we identified siginificantly different patterns of fly behavior confronted with different chamber height, fly density, illumination and experimental time. Meanwhile, three fly strains which are widely used as control lines, Canton-S(CS), w 1118 and Oregon-R (OR), were found to exhibit distinct motion explosiveness and exercise endurance. Conclusions We believe the proposed behavior metrics set and pipeline should help identify subtle spatial and temporal differences of drosophila behavior confronted with different environmental factors or gene variants.
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ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
·
2019
·
IF 4.527
Gaofeng Cui,Haiqi Yuan,Zhiyan Jiang,Jing Zhang,Zhipeng Sun,Guohua Zhong
The widely distributed β-carboline alkaloids exhibit promising psychopharmacological and biochemical effects. Harmine, a natural β-carboline, can inhibit insect growth and development with unclear mechanisms. In this study, harmine (at 0-200 mg/L) showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the pupal weight, length, height, pupation rate and eclosion rate of fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster , which was similar to the inhibition induced by the well-known botanical insect growth regulator azadirachtin . Moreover, the expression levels of major regulators from the developmental signaling network were down-regulated during the pupal stage except Numb , Fringe , Yorkie and Pten . The Notch, Wnt, Hedgehog and TGF-β pathways mainly played vital roles in coping with harmine exposure in pupae stage, while the Hippo, Hedgehog and TGF-β elements were involved in the sex differences. Notch , Hippo , Hedgehog , Dpp and Armadillo were proved to be suppressed in the developmental inhibition with fly mutants, while Numb and Punt were increased by harmine. In conclusion, harmine significantly inhibited the development of Drosophila by negatively affecting their developmental signaling network during different stages. Our results establish a preliminary understanding of the developmental signaling network subjected to botanical component-induced growth inhibition and lay the groundwork for further application.
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ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
·
2024
·
IF 6.2
Yuanyuan Song,Xing Zhang,Binquan Wang,Xiaoxiao Luo,Ke Zhang,Xiaoyan Zhang,Qian Wu,Mingkuan Sun
Bisphenol AP (BPAP), an environmental endocrine disruptor, may cause neurodevelopmental disorders affecting human health. Studies have shown that BPAP impacts hormone synthesis and metabolism, causes social behavior abnormalities, and induces anxiety-like behavioral impairments in mice. However, evidence for the neurobehavioral effects of BPAP is still lacking. Here, we examined the toxic effects of BPAP on neurodevelopment using a Drosophila model. We assessed the role of BPAP exposure in autism-like behavior and explored the underlying mechanisms. Our findings indicated that BPAP exposure reduced pupation and eclosion rates and delayed growth in Drosophila . Furthermore, BPAP exposure caused autism-like behaviors, characterized by increased grooming times and aberrant social interactions, along with abnormalities in locomotor activity, as well as learning and memory ability. Mechanistically, we found that BPAP decreases the number of neuroblasts (NBs) and mature intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) in the 3rd larval brain, impairing axon guidance in the mushroom body of the adult Drosophila brain. Additionally, our transcriptome analysis revealed that BPAP exposure alters the expression of neurodevelopment-related genes ( Nplp3 , sand , lush , and orco ) and affects the estrogen signaling pathway ( Hsp70Ab , Hsp70Bc , Hsp70Ba , and Hsp70Bb ). These changes potentially explain the BPAP-induced autism-like behavior in Drosophila .
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JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 2.4
Yulian Peng,Jinliang Lyu,Qinwei Li,Petros Ligoxygakis,Yuxian Xia,Qi Xiao
The immune response of insects to pathogenic micro-organisms infection usually exhibits significant sex differences. Understanding this sexual dimorphism elucidates how immunity interplays with reproductive strategy, metabolic status and environmental factors. In this study, we showed female Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) survived better than males when infected with Metarhizium anisopliae CQMa421. This sex-specific survival difference depends on the Toll pathway, which is critical for innate immunity. We systematically compared innate immunity, including humoral immunity, cellular immunity, and melanization, between infected male and female flies. Female flies displayed a faster humoral immune response, characterized by earlier upregulation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) expression in both fat body and gut. On the other hand, male flies exhibited a stronger early cellular immune response, marked by increased expression of genes associated with hemocyte clotting and phagocytosis. While male flies upregulated melanization related Prophenoloxidase (PPO) earlier than female flies, both sexes significantly increased phenoloxidase (PO) activity after fungal infection. Fungal load quantification revealed that CQMa421 proliferated more quickly in females than in males. Collectively, our data indicate that each sex exhibits advantages in specific immune response, and that sex-biased survival outcome arises from the integration of multiple host defense mechanisms.
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Frontiers in Nutrition
·
2026
·
IF 5.5
Quanyong Wu,Boya Ouyang,Hui Cao,Min Zhang,Mohamed A. Farag,Thomas Efferth,Jesus Simal-Gandara,Jianbo Xiao
IntroductionLuteolin is a dietary flavonoid widely distributed in fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants and is recognized for its antioxidant and health-promoting properties. However, its effects on physiological aging and the influence of developmental stage and biological sex remain poorly understood.MethodsIn this study, Drosophila melanogaster was exposed to luteolin during either adulthood or embryonic development and evaluated for lifespan, healthspan, metabolic regulation, and aging-related molecular changes.ResultsAdult supplementation exerted pronounced female-specific benefits, increasing median lifespan by 11.6%, improving locomotor activity and stress resistance, with little effect on body weight, whereas males showed little response. Notably, short-term supplementation during early adulthood produced sustained protective effects later in life. Mechanistically, luteolin enhanced antioxidant defenses, suppressed IIS/PI3K–mTOR signaling, activated AMPK/MAPK pathways, promoted autophagy and immune homeostasis, and induced metabolic remodeling associated with reduced mitochondrial stress and favorable histone modifications. In contrast, embryonic exposure shortened lifespan and disrupted endocrine and metabolic homeostasis, as evidenced by elevated juvenile hormone levels, reduced catalase activity, and dysregulated IIS signaling.DiscussionThese findings suggest that the biological effects of luteolin on aging are highly dependent on developmental stage and biological sex in Drosophila. The beneficial effects observed in adult females were associated with coordinated changes in nutrient-sensing pathways, metabolism, mitochondrial function, and epigenetic regulation, whereas developmental exposure produced adverse outcomes. Collectively, this study provides new insights into the context-dependent actions of dietary flavonoids in Drosophila and highlights the importance of developmental stage and biological sex when evaluating nutritional interventions for healthy aging.
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PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY
·
2026
·
IF 4.8
Fang Li,Chen Yan,Yitian Min,Wenbin Li,Siying He,Weiping Xiong,Zhuotong Zeng,Biao Song
Neonicotinoids have become widely used in modern global agricultural production, resulting in their increasing presence in ecosystems and environmental media. However, there is still limited available information about the potential environmental and health impacts of neonicotinoids. In this study, fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster ) were exposed to four commonly used neonicotinoids imidacloprid (IMI), thiamethoxam (TMX), clothianidin (CLO), and dinotefuran (DIN) to elucidate the adverse effects of neonicotinoids on non-target organisms. In-vivo studies have shown that neonicotinoids exposure led to shortened lifespan, developmental inhibition, and impaired locomotor function in fruit flies. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that neonicotinoids exposure altered the expression of genes related to metabolism, apoptosis, mitochondrial function, and oxidative phosphorylation. Targeted enzyme activity analysis, morphological and functional changes further confirmed the toxic effects induced by neonicotinoids exposure. In-vitro studies showed that the level of reactive oxygen species, the main marker of oxidative stress, increased significantly by 15.91%–83.62% after neonicotinoids exposure. The results of transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry confirmed that neonicotinoids exposure affected mitochondrial integrity, caused mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as triggered apoptosis. Collectively, this study reveals that neonicotinoids IMI, TMX, CLO, and DIN exposure could affect the development and health of fruit flies, providing valuable insights for the ecological risk assessment and rational use of neonicotinoids.
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JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
·
2022
·Vol. 102
·期 11
·4802-4812
·
IF 4.125
Dan He,Qifang Wu,Chenying Lu,Jinlan Wu,Peichao Chen,Mingjiang Wu,Jong-il Choi,Haibin Tong
BACKGROUND Prebiotics, such as algal polysaccharides, can be used to manage metabolic diseases by modulating gut microbiota. However, the effect of Pyropia yezoensis porphyran (PYP), a red algal polysaccharide, on gut microbiota has not been reported. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine effects of PYP on metabolic disorders caused by high sucrose (HS) and underlying mechanisms involved in such effects. RESULTS Biochemical analysis demonstrated that an HS diet increased triglyceride and circulating sugar contents (metabolic abnormalities) in Drosophila larvae. It also increased the relative abundance of harmful microbiota within the larvae as identified by 16S ribosomal DNA analysis. PYP supplementation at 25 and 50 g kg −1 equivalently reduced metabolic abnormalities in the HS group. Therefore, 25 g kg −1 PYP was selected to investigate its effects on the metabolic pathway and gut microbiota of larvae in the HS group. The activity of PYP in ameliorating metabolic abnormalities by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis was consistent with the expression trend of key factors involved in metabolism regulation. PYP reduced the relative abundance of bacteria causing metabolic abnormalities, such as Escherichia–Shigella and Fusobacterium , but increased the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bacillus and Akkermansia . However, PYP had no effect on triglyceride and circulating sugar contents in HS-fed larvae treated with a mixture of antibiotics designed to remove gut microbiota. CONCLUSION PYP exhibits anti-metabolic disorder activity by modulating gut microbiota, thereby supporting the development of PYP as a functional prebiotic derived from red algae food. Copyright © 2022 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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