GEODERMA
·
2021
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IF 6.114
Bai-Lin Liu,Yan-Wen Li,Jing-Jie Guo,Lei Xiang,Hai-Ming Zhao,Nai-Xian Feng,Hui Li,Quan-Ying Cai,Ce-Hui Mo,Ming Hung Wong
A better understanding of microcystin elimination in soil will boost the development of effective strategies to mitigate associated contamination. This study addressed the role and mechanism by which earthworm Eisenia fetida take part in the elimination of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in soil. The degradation kinetics of MC-LR exhibited good fits with the availability-adjusted first-order kinetic model ( R 2 > 0.97), where >71% of the toxin was rapidly eliminated within the initial eight days ( t 1/2 = 2.34–3.07 days). E . fetida significantly accelerated MC-LR elimination, with a less t 1/2 of 1.09–1.12 days; however, E . fetida did not further improve the final elimination efficiencies on Day 29 (82.59–93.57% with E . fetida vs . 82.96–92.34% without E . fetida ). In soil, E . fetida accelerated MC-LR elimination mainly via biodegradation arising from elevated total organic carbon, enhanced enzyme activities (urease and sucrase) and ameliorations of bacterial bioactivity, diversity and abundance. Indigenous bacteria of Methylophilus and Methylovorus , as well as earthworm-derived Flavobacterium , were considered as potential bacterial degraders for MC-LR. These findings elaborate on the variations in soil properties and soil bacterial community structure and diversity that occurs during MC-LR elimination and lay a foundation for controlling MC-LR contamination in the soil environment.
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JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
·
2018
·
IF 6.434
Xiaoming Zou,Xiaoyu Xiao,Hanfeng Zhou,Feng Chen,Jianjun Zeng,Wenbiao Wang,Guangping Feng,Xiangfeng Huang
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) have been widely used to control agricultural insects. Soil acidification is a major problem in soil of intensive agricultural systems, especially in red soil with a low pH buffer capacity. However, the effects of soil acidification on the toxicity of pesticides are still unclear. In the present study, the toxicity of three OPs on E. fetida was determined at individual (14-day lethal test) and biochemical levels (antioxidative defence enzymes) by using acidified soils (pH = 5.5, 4.3 and 3.1). The results showed that the toxicity of tested OPs was slightly increased with the decrease of soil pH. To interpret the phenomena, an optimum Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR) model was developed based on the toxicity mechanism and the partial least squares regression (PLS) method. The model indicated bioavailability and toxicodynamics are key factors of soil acidification affecting the toxicity of the OPs. Further results revealed the bioavailability of the OPs was strongly related to their hydrolysis and biodegradation character, whereas the effects of soil acidification on toxicodynamics were mainly caused by the interaction between the acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and the OPs. Results will increase understanding of the effects of soil acidification on the toxicity of pesticides and its mechanism.
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高影响因子
CHEMOSPHERE
·
2018
·
IF 4.427
Lihao Zhang,Lina Zhou,Lisi Han,Chenyu Zhao,Jeanette M. Norton,Huixin Li,Feng Hu,Li Xu
Cadmium (Cd) and benzo [ a ]pyrene (BaP) often co-occur in the environment, and the critical body residue of organisms is used as an indicator of the toxic effects of contaminants. However, little is known about their distributions and toxicities when pollution of Cd and BaP are combined. Semi-static solution culture experiment was used to study the impacts of BaP on the subcellular distribution of the toxic metal Cd in the earthworm Eisenia fetida . We explored the mechanisms by which this organism responds to combined exposure to these pollutants by measuring the protein content of each of three subcellular fractions, as well as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities. The subcellular partitioning of Cd was heterogeneous and Cd mainly accumulated in the cytosolic fraction (Fraction C), which was previously reported to be involved in metal immobilization. In Fraction C, Cd accumulation was correlated with the external concentration to which the earthworm had been exposed; however, in the presence of BaP, Cd accumulation was inhibited and plateaued at high external Cd concentrations. A principal component analysis revealed that this decreased Cd accumulation might be caused by increases in GST activity, which likely increased the excretion of Cd. BaP was also found to stimulate protein biosynthesis and upregulate AChE and GST activities in the debris fraction (Fraction E), indicating other potential detoxification mechanisms in this fraction. Granule fraction (Fraction D) had a lower protein content, AChE and GST activities than the other subcellular fractions, supporting previous findings that Fraction D is largely inert.
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JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 5.4
Yuwei Yang,Peng Ni,Lixue Ma,Haikang Tang,Jiaming Yang,Xiaoliang Zhou,Yikun Sun,Wenqing Xu
Ethnopharmacological relevance Radiation-Induced Skin Injury (RISI) is the major cutaneous side effect met by cancer patients who received radiotherapy. Disposed earthworm (Dilong) has been historically employed for treating various ailments in ancient China. Amputated-regeneration and high radiation-tolerant are two distinctive characteristics for earthworms. These features might due to their abundant biologically active substances (65 % composed of proteins), which make them attractive candidates for radioprotector development. Aim of the study This study aimed to investigate therapeutic mechanism of regenerated E. fetida protein extract (G90′-ES2) in mitigating RISI, and reveal therapeutic potential macromolecules by proteomic analysis. Materials and methods Protein salt precipitation method was firstly adopted to obtain G90′-ES2/G90-ES2 protein complex. Their radioprotective activities were evaluated in vitro by cell viability, migration, ROS accumulation, EdU proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis assays. A combined radiogenic injury mice model was constructed to analyze radiotherapeutic function of G90′-ES2 in vivo . Its mechanism against RISI was illustrated by RNA-Seq analysis, qPCR, and HIF Luciferase Reporter Assay. Finally, a nanoElute UPLC-MS/MS method was used to elucidate therapeutic potential macromolecules in G90′-ES2. Results We discovered that G90′-ES2 displayed higher efficacy than G90-ES2 in mitigating RISI, mainly by activating radio-resistant HIF-1 pathway, redistributing cell cycle phases (S-phase preservation), accelerating re-epithelialization, and enhancing tissue angiogenesis. The significantly up-regulated proteins (including lumbrokinase, aquaporin, RAD51C, TCTP, and SCBP2) in G90′-ES2 might hold particular importance for its therapeutic effect against RISI. Conclusions This investigation will broaden our understanding of the radiation-tolerant and regenerative capacities for earthworm; also provide medical candidates for the development of skin-specific radioprotector.
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高影响因子
JOURNAL OF SOILS AND SEDIMENTS
·
2025
·
IF 3
Jin Meiqing,Sun Yuanchao,Chai Bing,Wang Minghu,Wu Yuping,Wu Weihong,Zhou Qingwei,Qiu Linlin,Du Jia,Fu Li
Purpose Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and lead (Pb), two prevalent contaminants in e-waste dismantling areas, pose significant threats to soil ecosystem health. However, the ecotoxicological effects of their co-exposure on soil invertebrates remain poorly characterized. Methods Avoidance behavior, survival rate, and growth-inhibition assays were performed to assess the combined toxic effects of DBDPE and Pb on earthworm ( Eisenia fetida ) in an artificial soil system over exposure periods of 7–21 d. Responses from multiple biochemical biomarkers, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and acid phosphatase (ACP) were also measured, and the data were integrated by the biomarker response index (BRI). Interaction between Pb and DBDPE on BRI was further analyzed by calculation of effect addition index (EAI). Results Avoidance behavior emerged as the most sensitive endpoint and exhibited concentration-dependent escalation under co-exposure conditions. While individual exposure to DBDPE (0–0.75 mg/kg) induced negligible impacts on growth and mortality, its combination with Pb (1000 mg/kg) resulted in significant synergistic effects. Similarly, biochemical biomarkers—including SOD, CAT, MDA, GST, and ACP—showed markedly greater alterations in co-exposure groups compared to single DBDPE treatments. The BRI revealed only slight alterations in biological health across most treatments. The EAI values indicated that antagonistic effects dominated the interaction between DBDPE and Pb. Conclusion Our findings demonstrated significant variation in biomarker sensitivity to pollutant exposure. Notably, short-term sub-lethal co-exposures may elicit synergistic effects on avoidance, growth, and mortality, revealing a time-concentration toxicity dependency. These results provide novel insights into the interaction between heavy metals and organo-pollutants and highlight the ecological hazards posed by emerging brominated flame retardants (e.g., DBDPE) in heavy metal-contaminated soil systems.
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Environmental Science-Processes & Impacts
·
2024
·
IF 4.3
Shuai Li,Zhifeng Wang,Nan Gao,Xiaoyu Niu,Benteng Zhu,Lusheng Xu,Weina Xue
Thallium (Tl), though not essential for biological systems, is widely used in industrial activities, resulting in soil pollution and adverse effects on soil biota. Systematic toxicological studies on Tl, especially concerning soil organisms, are relatively rare. This research evaluates the toxic effects of Tl on earthworms by measuring oxidative stress biomarkers, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and by assessing the expression of functional genes, such as heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), metallothionein (MT), and annetocin (ANN). Additionally, this study employs the Biomarker Response Index (BRI) and two-way ANOVA to comprehensively assess the cumulative toxicity of Tl in earthworms. The findings indicate that Tl exposure significantly exacerbates oxidative stress and cellular damage in earthworms, particularly under conditions of high concentration and prolonged exposure. BRI results demonstrate a continuous decline in the physiological state of earthworms with increasing Tl concentration and exposure duration. Two-way ANOVA reveals significant dose-responsive increases in SOD and CAT activities, as well as in ANN gene expression. Apart from GST activity, other biomarkers significantly increased over time, and the changes in biomarkers such as SOD, CAT, MDA, and 8-OHdG were significantly influenced by dose and time. LSD post hoc tests show significant effects of dose, time, and their interactions on all biomarkers except for GST. These findings are valuable for gaining a deeper understanding of the ecological risks of Tl in soil environments and its potential threats to soil biota, aiding in the management of ecological risks associated with Tl-contaminated soils.
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高影响因子
CHEMOSPHERE
·
2022
·
IF 8.943
Xupeng Wang,Bing Gong,Erkai He,Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg,Hao Qiu
Awareness of toxicokinetics at the subcellular level is crucial to deciphering the underlying intoxication processes of metal(loid)s, although this information is often lacking. Here, the toxicokinetics of two non-essential metal(loid)s (Cd and As) and one essential metal (Zn) in both the whole body and subcellular fractions of earthworm ( Eisenia fetida ) were assessed. Earthworms were exposed to natural soils originating from a gradient of metal(loid) pollution for 14 days followed by a 14-day elimination phase in clean soil. Clearly distinct toxicokinetic patterns were found in the earthworms according to the metal(loid) considered. An obvious concentration-dependent increase was observed in earthworms or subcellular compartments where no equilibrium was reached (with slow or no elimination) for Cd and As throughout the experiment. As for Zn, the earthworms were able to retain a steady-state concentration of Zn in its body or each fraction without a clear intake behavior via the dynamic trade-off between uptake and elimination at different pollution levels. These differences in toxicokinetics at the subcellular level supported the observed differences in bioaccumulation patterns and were indicative of the strategy by which non-essential and essential elements are handled by earthworms. Notably, the concentration of Cd and As in subcellular compartments showed the same pattern as for Zn in the order of cellular cytosol > cellular debris > metal-rich granules, which might be associated with the binding of non-essential/essential elements with metallothionein enriched in the cytosol. Our findings enhance the understanding of the underlying mechanisms for metal(loid) accumulation kinetics in earthworms from the perspective of subcellular partitioning, and will be beneficial for accurate risk assessment of Cd, As, and Zn.
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ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
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2020
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IF 4.872
Huajing Zhang,Yanshuai Xing,Shengtian Ji,Jian Pu,Hongwen Sun,Lei Wang
Benzotriazole (BTR) is a common corrosion inhibitor used to protect copper (Cu) and Cu alloys. To reveal the combined subacute toxicity of BTR and Cu at environmental levels on terrestrial animals , the activity of antioxidative enzymes and the glutathione levels in earthworms ( Eisenia fetida ) of the single or co-exposure treatments were determined. The activity of both antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants was affected by BTR in earthworms. Moreover, the analyses of lysosomal neutral red retention time and total antioxidant capacity indicated a detoxification effect of BTR on Cu-induced impairments of the antioxidant defense capacity in earthworms. The apoptotic rate of coelomocytes in earthworms of the co-exposure treatment was lower than that in earthworms treated with Cu only, indicating that BTR alleviates Cu mediated lysosomal membrane damage and antioxidant defense system responses in earthworms.
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高影响因子
PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY
·
2022
·
IF 4.966
Xin Bao,Wangjin Xu,Jiajia Cui,Zixin Yan,Jianjun Wang,Xiaojun Chen,Zhiyuan Meng
Prothioconazole (PTC) is a widely used agricultural fungicide . In recent years, studies have confirmed that it exerts adverse effects on various species, including aquatic organisms , mammals, and reptiles. However, the toxicological effects of PTC on soil organisms are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the toxic effects, via oxidative stress and metabolic responses, of PTC on earthworms ( Eisenia fetida ). PTC exposure can induce significant changes in oxidative stress indicators, including the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and the content of glutathione (GSH), which in turn affect the oxidative defense system of earthworms. In addition, metabolomics revealed that PTC exposure caused significant changes in the metabolic profiles of earthworms. The relative abundances of 16 and 21 metabolites involved in amino acids , intermediates of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and energy metabolism were significantly altered after 7 and 14 days of PTC exposure, respectively. Particularly, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that multiple different metabolic pathways could be disturbed after 7 and 14 days of PTC exposure. Importantly, these alterations in oxidative stress and metabolic responses in earthworms reveal that the effects of PTC on earthworms were time dependent, and vary with exposure time. In conclusion, this study highlights that the effects of PTC on soil organisms are of serious concern.
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高影响因子
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
·
2019
·
IF 5.714
Ronggui Tang,Xiaogang Li,Yongliang Mo,Yibing Ma,Changfeng Ding,Junsong Wang,Taolin Zhang,Xingxiang Wang
The toxic sensitivity in different physiological levels of chromium (Cr) contaminated soils with environmentally equivalent concentrations (EEC) was fully unknown. The earthworm Eisenia fetida was exposed to a Cr-contaminated soil at the EEC level (referred to as Cr-CS) to characterize the induced toxicity at the whole body, organ, tissue, subcellular structure and metabolic levels. The results showed that the survival rate, weight and biodiversity of the gut microorganisms (organ) had no significant difference (p > 0.05) between control and Cr-CS groups. Qualitative histopathological and subcellular evaluations from morphology showed earthworms obvious injuries. The organelle injuries combined with the metabolic changes provided additional evidence that the Cr-CS damaged the nucleus and probably disturbed the nucleic acid metabolism of earthworms. 2-hexyl-5-ethyl-3-furansulfonate, dimethylglycine, betaine and scyllo-inositol were sensitive and relatively quantitative metabolites that were recommended as potential biomarkers for Cr-CS based on their significant weights in the multivariate analysis model. In addition, the relative abundance of Burkholderiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Microscillaceae of the earthworm guts in the Cr-CS group significantly increased, particularly for Burkholderiaceae (increased by 13.1%), while that of Aeromonadaceae significantly decreased by 5.6% in contrast with the control group. These results provided new insights into our understanding of the toxic effects of the EEC level of Cr contaminated soil from different physiological levels of earthworms and extend our knowledge on the composition and sensitivity of the earthworm gut microbiota in Cr contaminated soil ecosystems. Furthermore, these toxic responses from gut microorganisms to metabolites of earthworms provided important data to improve the adverse outcome pathway and toxic mechanism of the Cr-CS if the earthworm genomics and proteomics would be also gained in the future.
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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
·
2024
·
IF 7.7
Yanliang Zhang,Chenyu Huang,Jinqi Zhao,Luyi Hu,Lan Yang,Yuanyuan Zhang,Weiguo Sang
Earthworms can resist high levels of soil copper (Cu) contamination and play an essential role in absorbing them effectively. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying Cu tolerance in earthworms are poorly understood. To address this research gap, we studied alterations of Eisenia fetida in antioxidant enzymes , gut microbiota , metabolites, and genes under varying levels of Cu exposure soils (0, 67.58, 168.96, 337.92 mg/kg). Our results revealed a reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities across all treatment groups, indicating an adaptive response to alleviate Cu-induced oxidative stress . Analysis of gut microbiota revealed a significant increase in the abundance of bacteria associated with nutrient uptake and Cu 2+ excretion under Cu stress. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis discovered an increase in certain metabolites associated with energy metabolism, such as pyruvic acid , L-malic acid, and fumaric acid , as Cu concentration escalated. These results suggested that enhanced energy supply contributes to the elevated tolerance of E. fetida towards Cu. Additionally, transcriptome analysis not only identified crucial detoxification genes ( Hsp70 , CTSL , GST , CHAC , and GCLC ), but also confirmed the critical role of glutathione metabolism as a key pathway in E. fetida Cu detoxification processes. These findings provide a new perspective on the molecular mechanisms of Cu tolerance in earthworms.
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高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2026
·Vol. 16
·期 32
·29823-29833
·
IF 6.1
Likun Wang,Zhuzhu Gu,Jiayao Luo,Zixuan Qiu
Triclopyr is a widely used systemic herbicide in forestry and agricultural management. However, its potential sublethal effects on non-target soil organisms remain insufficiently understood. In this study, the chronic toxicity of triclopyr to the earthworm Eisenia fetida was systematically evaluated under laboratory conditions, with a focus on growth inhibition and oxidative stress responses. Earthworms were exposed to triclopyr-amended artificial soil at concentrations of 0–10 mg kg−1 for 28 days. Growth performance was assessed using growth inhibition rate (GIR) and specific growth rate (SGR), while oxidative stress was evaluated through a suite of biomarkers, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (POD), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). An integrated biomarker response index (IBRv2) was further applied to quantify cumulative physiological stress. Results showed that triclopyr exposure induced significant, time- and concentration-dependent effects. Growth inhibition was evident during early and mid-exposure periods, while delayed negative SGR values indicated cumulative growth impairment under prolonged exposure. ROS and MDA levels increased markedly, with MDA reaching up to approximately fourfold higher than the control at 10 mg kg−1 after 7 days, demonstrating pronounced lipid peroxidation. Antioxidant and detoxification enzymes exhibited an initial induction followed by partial suppression during chronic exposure, suggesting a transition from compensatory defense to oxidative dysfunction. IBRv2 values peaked at day 7 and increased again at day 28, with maximum values observed in the highest concentration group, indicating substantial integrated biological stress. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of triclopyr-induced growth inhibition and oxidative stress in E. fetida using a multi-biomarker and IBR-based approach, offering valuable insights for ecological risk assessment of triclopyr in terrestrial environments.
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