FIRE AND MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 2.4
Yuan-Gen Lu,Bo Hao,Geng Chen,Cai-Xian Xu,Li Zhang
Tungsten delay compositions are widely utilized in ammunition, small detonators, and other devices. In this study, we first explored the changes in the burning rate of micron-sized tungsten delay compositions (W/BaCrO 4 /KClO 4 ) when achieving zero oxygen balance under different material tube walls. Subsequently, SiO 2 , CuO, BN, and shellac were added to the tungsten delay composition to investigate the burning rate variations of different samples in aluminum tubes. The experimental results reveal that the combustion rate of the tungsten delay composition decreases with an increase in the thermal conductivity of the tube wall. The content of BN exhibits a linear relationship with the combustion rate of the tungsten delay composition, the combustion rate of the tungsten delay composition decreases with the increase of the mass percentage of BN. A small amount of SiO 2 , CuO, and shellac accelerates the combustion rate of the tungsten delay composition, but the combustion rate decreases as the content of these additives increases. The conclusion of this study can provide a wider range of delay times for delay devices with significant spatial limitations.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
燃烧与爆炸学
·
弹药工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FIRE AND MATERIALS
·
2018
·Vol. 42
·期 8
·946-957
·
IF 1.22
Zhang Wang,Li Yonggang,Ma Huijuan,Song Wenpeng,Lin Tao,Lu Cuifen,Nie Junqi,Yang Guichun,Chen Zuxing
Summary Two novel phosphorus-nitrogen-silicon copolymers (DDSQ-N-P-yne and DDSQ-N-P-ene) were synthesized by hydrosilylation reaction with DDSQ and DOPO derivatives. DOPO derivatives with different end groups were designed and synthesized to compare the flame retardancy and compatibility of phosphorus-nitrogen-silicon copolymers by different linkers between DDSQ and DOPO derivatives. The synthesized copolymers have been evidenced by 1 H, 29 Si nuclear magnetic resonance, and gel permeation chromatography and then introduced into polycarbonate (PC)/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) alloy to study their flame retardancy and explore whether they exhibit a synergistic effect on the flame retardancy. The flame-retardant properties of DDSQ-N-P-yne (or ene) systems as well as the morphology were investigated in detail by using limiting oxygen index, thermogravimetric analysis, UL-94, microcalorimeter, energy dispersive X-ray, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. When DDSQ-N-P-yne (or ene) content is 10 wt%, the composites of PC/ABS are identified to be very effective according to limiting oxygen index, UL-94, and microcalorimeter. The microstructures of the char were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, and the results indicated a tight and compact graphitized layer shaped, which plays an important role in improving the excellent thermal stability and flame retardancy of PC/ABS alloy.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
FIRE AND MATERIALS
·
2019
·Vol. 43
·期 7
·880-891
·
IF 1.173
You Wu,Anqi Liu,Wulong Li,Zhanxiong Li
Summary A novel carborane acrylate monomer (1-acryloyloxyethyl carborane) was synthesized by addition reaction, hydrolysis, and esterification and characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. Subsequently, the carborane monomer and a phosphate-containing methacrylate monomer were applied on the modification of a silk fabric. The heat resistance and flame retardancy of the silk fabric before and after modification were compared. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and FT-IR showed that carborane monomer and phosphate-containing methacrylate were grafted onto the surface of the fibers. The cross-sectional morphology of silk fabrics after burning was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the flame-retardant mechanism was analyzed. Thermal-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis revealed that the thermal stability of the modified silk increased with the increase of the grafting yield. The MCC-2 microcalorimeter (MCC) test showed that, when using 1-acryloyloxyethyl carborane as monomer and blending with phosphate-containing methacrylate, the maximum heat release rate (PHRR) of the modified silk fabric decreased from 97.6 W/g (before grafting) to 51.3 and 45.8 W/g, respectively, and the total heat release (THR) decreased from 10.2 kJ/g (before grafting) to 5.9 and 5.2 kJ/g, respectively. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) test revealed that using 1-acryloyloxyethyl carborane and phosphate-containing methacrylate as mixed monomers to modify the silk fabric obtained good flame retardancy, whose LOI value reached 29.8%.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
FIRE AND MATERIALS
·
2019
·Vol. 43
·期 4
·373-380
·
IF 1.173
Jiong Xie,Xiaowei Shi,Mi Zhang,Xiu Dai,Xinlong Wang
Summary In this work, a novel flame retardant system based on nano zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) and the distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) without traditional flame retardants has been designed and blended with polypropylene (PP) to prepare the green flame retarded composites. The influences of nano ZIF-8 and DDGS on mechanical properties and flame retardancy of PP are studied. The results indicate that combination of nano ZIF-8 and DDGS improves the mechanical properties of PP, and the tensile strength of the composites containing 29 wt% of DDGS and 1 wt% of nano ZIF-8 reaches 34.0 MPa compared with 24.7 MPa of pure PP. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the composites containing 27 wt% DDGS and 3 wt% of nano ZIF-8 is about 25.0% compared with 17.5% of pure PP. Besides, its horizontal burning velocity also decreases significantly. The char residues after burning of the PP composites are analyzed, and the mechanism is discussed in detail.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FIRE AND MATERIALS
·
2019
·Vol. 43
·期 6
·685-693
·
IF 1.173
Wenpeng Song,Wang Zhang,Yonggang Li,Huijuan Ma,Tao Lin,Cuifen Lu,Junqi Nie,Guichun Yang,Zuxing Chen
Summary Two kinds of novel silicon-phosphorus linear polymers were synthesized by the hydrosilylation reaction of double-decker-shaped silsesquioxane (DDSQ) and 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10- phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivatives and characterized using 1 H NMR, 31 P NMR, and 29 Si NMR. Flame-retardant polycarbonate/acrylonitric-butadiene-styrene (PC/ABS) blends were prepared with different contents of silicon-phosphorus linear polymers. The flame-retardant properties of silicon-phosphorus linear polymers as well as the morphology were investigated in detail by using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), (Underwriters Laboratory) UL-94, microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. The silicon-phosphorus linear polymers containing DDSQ and DOPO units can synergistically improve the flame retardancy and thermal stability of PC/ABS blends. Flame-retardant polymers with different linkers between DDSQ and phosphate units show comparable effect on the flame retardancy of PC/ABS.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FIRE AND MATERIALS
·
2019
·Vol. 43
·期 8
·905-916
·
IF 1.173
Hangchen Li,Li Feng,Dexu Du,Xinxin Guo,Min Hua,Xuhai Pan
Summary To enhance the performance of existing dry powders and ensure process security, a new type of dry powder based on ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ) was prepared. The prepared composite superfine dry powder was denoted as NH 4 H 2 PO 4 /zeolite composite in this paper. The effectiveness of commercial ABC dry powder, superfine dry powder, and the NH 4 H 2 PO 4 /zeolite composite in fire suppression were compared in a small-sized fire-extinguishing chamber. Laboratory-scale tests showed that the NH 4 H 2 PO 4 /zeolite composite had considerably superior fire-extinguishing efficiency to that of commercial ABC dry powder and superfine dry powder, along with shorter average extinguishing time and less average mass of powders consumed. In addition, the NH 4 H 2 PO 4 /zeolite composite also displayed much improved toxic gas suppression ability. The physical and chemical characteristics of commercial ABC dry powder, superfine dry powder, and the NH 4 H 2 PO 4 /zeolite composite were characterized using a range of techniques of laser particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Based on the analysis results, the improved fire suppression performance of the NH 4 H 2 PO 4 /zeolite composite can be ascribed to smaller particle size, larger surface area, and a special chemical decomposition process.
研究领域:
消防工程
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材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FIRE AND MATERIALS
·
2021
·Vol. 46
·期 1
·117-129
·
IF 2.407
Huaqing Wang,Hongqiang Yan,Zhengping Fang
Summary The present work demonstrates a surface pretreatment of reducing assembly layers for flame retardant modification of ramie fabric used by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly. In order to achieve this goal, low-temperature plasma (LTP) pretreatment was chosen. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to confirm the effect of LTP pretreatment on polyethylenimine/ammonium polyphosphate (PEI/APP) flame retardant coating constructed on the surface of ramie fabric using LbL assembly. The thermal property and flame retardancy of PEI/APP coated ramie fabrics were analyzed by TG, LOI, UL94 vertical burning, and cone calorimeter tests. The results indicated that the decomposition rate of ramie fabrics was reduced and the char forming ability at high temperature was improved by PEI/APP coating on the ramie surface. Its LOI increased markedly to 30.6% and ramie fabric achieved self-extinguishing effect. Meanwhile, LTP-O 2 -(PEI/APP) 20 ramie fabric exhibited the low flammability and high fire safety. It was proved that LTP pretreatment under oxygen atmosphere could endow ramie fabric with better flame retardancy due to more PEI/APP adsorbed on its surface. These findings have significant implications for the application of LTP pretreatment to flame retardant modification of ramie fabric by LbL assembly.
研究领域:
材料科學
·
紡織工程
·
表面改性
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FIRE AND MATERIALS
·
2019
·Vol. 43
·期 7
·892-902
·
IF 1.173
Zhenqian Wei,Xintao Gu,Jun Wu,Min Wei,Qing Yu,Tian Xiujuan,Zhongwei Wang
Summary By curing the reaction mixture of diphenylphosphine oxide (DPO) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with 4,4′-diaminodiphenylsulfone, flame-retardant epoxy resins (EP/DPO) were prepared. Flame-retardant epoxy resins modified with 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) were similarly prepared (denoted as EP/DOPO). The limiting oxygen index value of pure epoxy resin, EP/DPO–P-0.9 (with a phosphorus content of 0.9 wt%), and EP/DOPO–P-0.9 are 23.0, 30.5, and 29.4%, respectively. EP/DPO–P-0.9 reached a UL-94 vertical burning test V-0 rating, while EP/DOPO–P-0.9 failed. The results of the cone calorimetry test, thermo-oxidative degradation behavior study, and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis indicated that both flame retardants mainly act through the gas-phase activity mechanism. Together, the results of this study suggest that EP/DPO are high performance resins with good thermal stability, high glass transition temperature, and low water absorptivity for practical applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FIRE AND MATERIALS
·
2023
·Vol. 47
·期 8
·1082-1091
·
IF 1.9
Ke Shang,Gui-De Lin,Hui-Jing Jiang,Xing Jin,Jing Zhao,Dan Liu,Bi Zhao,Jin-Jun Yang,Teng Fu,Jun-Sheng Wang
Two types of ceramifiable flame-retardant room temperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber foam containing mica power (MP) were prepared by using glass powder (GP) as fluxing agents and aluminum hydroxide (ATH) as flame-retardant agent, respectively. The flame retardant, combustion behavior, and thermal stability of ceramifiable flame-retardant RTV silicone rubber foams were investigated. The results show that GP is not conducive to the flame retardancy and thermal stability improvement of the foams. On the contrary, MP and ATH can significantly improve the flame retardancy and thermal stability at high temperatures of the foams. The foams with addition of MP and ATH can reach to a high limiting oxygen index value of 35.8 with V-0 rating in the vertical combustion test, and the total heat release and total smoke production of the foams are 21.0% and 61.7% lower than of the pure RTV silicone rubber foam, respectively. Furthermore, the structural and morphological changes of the foams under different pyrolysis conditions were studied, so as to reveal its ceramifiable mechanism under different fire scenarios. The results show that GP does not promote the formation of more char residue during pyrolysis, but it can greatly lower the ceramifiable temperature, resulting in a superior ceramic phase char residue. The foams including MP and ATH have a high char residue content; nevertheless, a comparatively higher temperature is necessary to create ceramic phase char residue.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FIRE AND MATERIALS
·
2017
·Vol. 42
·期 1
·99-108
·
IF 1.352
Xiaomeng Wang,Xueqing Liu,Sha Peng,Panrui Peng,Liyong Zou,Jia Chen,Jiyan Liu
Summary A novel phosphorus-containing acrylate monomer (AOPA) was synthesized starting from 2-methy-2,5-dioxo-1,2-oxaphospholane and hydroxyethyl acrylate. The structure of AOPA was characterized with FTIR and 1 H NMR. AOPA shows good compatibility with polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and can polymerize with PEGDA under UV light irradiation at different mass ratios to form membranes with high transparency (above 88.9% of light transmittance in the range of 400-800 nm) and flexibility. Incorporating 20 wt% of AOPA in PEGDA reduced the total heat release and peak rate by 50.3% and 38.4%, respectively, as measured by micro combustion calorimeter. The membrane containing 40 wt% of AOPA with 0.4 mm thickness can pass the UL94 V0 rating, and limiting oxygen index reaches 33.4%. TG-FTIR and SEM-EDX analysis show that the presence of AOPA depresses the thermal degradation and promotes the char formation.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FIRE AND MATERIALS
·
2017
·Vol. 42
·期 1
·109-118
·
IF 1.352
Bin Zhang,Jian Han
Summary The novel core-shell magnesium dihydroxide (MDH)/zinc stannate (ZS) and melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin/MDH/ZS microcapsules were prepared. Their structures were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis techniques, then its flame-retardant application in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites. The PVC composites were investigated by the limited oxygen index, smoke density, vertical burning test (UL-94), cone calorimeter test, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. When directly exposed to flame, PVC generated a high-density char layer, giving PVC a self-extinguishing property. Furthermore, when the mass ratio of MDH/ZS and MF/MDH/ZS microcapsules were 2/8 and 10/2/8 with 16 wt% loading, the results showed that the limited oxygen index value reached 29% and 33%, and the smoke density value reached 51% and 41%. Thus, the microencapsulated ZS could greatly suppress the generation of the flame and smoke during combustion, showing potential applications as multifunctional advanced composites. Two aspects of this manuscript will make it interesting to general readers of Fire and Materials. The magnesium dihydroxide (MDH)/zinc stannate (ZS) microcapsule was firstly prepared via chemical deposition method, and then melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin/MDH/ZS microcapsule was secondly prepared. The smoke density of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/MDH/ZS microcapsule and PVC/MF/MDH/ZS microcapsule composites were less than half of the neat PVC. With the addition of the 16 wt% of MDH/ZS or MF/MDH/ZS microcapsules into PVC, the limited oxygen index value of PVC composites achieved a significantly high limited oxygen index value at 29%, 33%, and the smoke density value of PVC reached 51%, 41%, respectively. They are V-0 rating in UL-94 test. The results indicated that MDH/ZS and MF/MDH/ZS microcapsules behaved as an environmental friendly flame retardant and smoke suppressant. Thus, this study demonstrated the great potentials of the intrinsically flame-retardant MDH/ZS and MF/MDH/ZS microcapsules in the application of high performance matrix resin and composite material.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FIRE AND MATERIALS
·
2018
·Vol. 42
·期 7
·805-815
·
IF 1.22
Qinpei Chen,Yaping He,Xuehui Wang,Tiannian Zhou,Chao Ding,Jian Wang
Summary To study the low pressure influence on the flash point and fire hazard of organic fuels and their aqueous solutions, a series of experiments has been conducted to measure the open-cup and closed-cup flash points of methanol, ethanol, and n -decane aqueous solutions including different mole fractions under different static pressures ranging from 35 to 101 kPa. The results show that both the pressure and fuel mole fraction have a nonlinear correlation with the flash point of the miscible fuel specimens like the correlation provided in this paper. For the partially miscible fuel specimens with a lower density than water, the water content has almost no influence on the flash point. The fire risks of the experimental results were analysed based on the standard GB50160-2008, which shows that the fire risk becomes higher at low pressures, and there is a critical pressure at the turning point of the change in fire classification. A method to achieve the critical low pressure of different fuels or aqueous solutions from the fire hazard classification is derived in this paper.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
安全科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）