The frequent use of explosives poses a potential threat to the ecological and human health, but regrettably, only a few researchers have attempted to adopt photocatalytic technology to remediate organic pollutants of explosives wastewater. Herein, a new g-C 3 N 4 /30%CuCo 2 O 4 -PMS photocatalytic system is rationally established and applied in 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) degradation under visible light irradiation. The effects of reaction conditions on FOX-7 degradation are explored and about 98.4% -FOX-7 can be almost completely degraded in 30 min by using 0.1 g/L catalyst and 0.1 g/L peroxymonosulfate (PMS). Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) confirm that radical and non-radical pathways all contribute to the effective degradation of FOX-7, in which the singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) is the dominant reactive species. Importantly, the synchronous transformations of Cu(Ⅱ)/Cu(Ⅰ) and Co(Ⅱ)/Co(Ⅲ) valence states over CuCo 2 O 4 during PMS activation play an important role in the generation of reactive species. Additionally, the correspondent degradation pathways are proposed, and nitrate ions are the major degradation products . This work not only highlights the reaction mechanism of Cu-Co bimetallic oxide in the Fenton-like oxidation process , but also provides a new insight for the treatment of explosives wastewater.
Yuli Wang,Qichao Xin,Chengling Zou,Yu Wang,Yuanyuan Li,Hai Nan,Fengqi Zhao,Haixia Ma
3,4-Bis(4′-nitrofurazano-3′-yl)furoxan (DNTF), a high-energy–density material, is severely restricted in practical applications due to its high mechanical sensitivity. This study develops an advanced desensitization strategy for DNTF composite via electrostatic spraying technology. The DNTF/FOX-7@NC (FOX-7, 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethene; NC, nitrocellulose) hollow microsphere structure was formed through controlling the propulsion rate and the FOX-7 content. The composites retain the crystalline features of DNTF and FOX-7, while NC forms a continuous protective surface layer. Subsequently, the influence of FOX-7 content on the safety performance and combustion efficiency of the composites is systematically investigated. Results indicated that DNTF/FOX-7@NC hollow microsphere composites achieved a favorable balance between energy output and safety performance. Specifically, composites (with 38 % FOX-7 content) demonstrate superior thermal stability compared to raw DNTF. Its impact sensitivity increased by 14.7 J compared to raw DNTF (4.9 J), the critical load for friction sensitivity exceeds 360 N, demonstrating superior mechanical safety. Simultaneously, the combustion efficiency of the DNTF/FOX-7@NC hollow microsphere composite is significantly optimized, benefiting from the architecture of the hollow microspheres facilitating heat and mass transfer. This resulted in a 43 % reduction in ignition delay time of composite (from 109.24 s to 61.71 s). This work resolves the energy-safety trade-off in energetic materials via hollow microsphere structural design by electrostatic spray strategy, offering a scalable strategy for next-generation munitions.
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