Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine
·
2023
·Vol. 26
·期 2
·1-12
·
IF 2.7
Xiongfei Shi,Xingzhi Yu,Liping Yang,Xiaohua Duan
Gastrodia elata Blume is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long history, which has numerous pharmacological activities, such as anti‑inflammation, anti‑oxidation and protection of nerves. The present study investigated the regulatory effect of ethyl acetate extract of Gastrodia elata (EEGE) on the β‑amyloid (Aβ) toxicity of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). First, the main components of EEGE were analyzed using high‑performance liquid chromatography, and the total phenols, total flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity of EEGE were determined. Next, the regulation effect of EEGE on Aβ‑induced toxicity of C. elegans was evaluated through experiments on nematode paralysis, lifespan, oxidative and heat stress, locomotor ability, reproductive ability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, Aβ aggregation test, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, catalase (CAT) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Finally, the mechanism of EEGE was elucidated using RNA sequencing (RNA‑Seq) and the expression levels of related genes were verified using quantitative PCR. The present study revealed that the main components of EEGE included phosphorylated (p)‑hydroxybenzyl alcohol, p‑hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4,4'‑dihydroxydiphenylmethane, possessing strong in vitro free radical scavenging and reducing abilities. In addition, after the intervention of EEGE, the paralysis of nematodes could be delayed, the survival time of the nematodes was prolonged, the survival rate of the nematodes under stress (high temperature and oxidation) conditions was improved, the activity capacity and reproductive capacity of the nematodes were improved, the activities of SOD and CAT were improved and the levels of ROS and MDA were reduced. Notably, EEGE directly inhibited Aβ plaque aggregation in nematodes. RNA‑Seq analysis showed that EEGE regulated metabolism and longevity‑related genes, and these genes were regulated by the insulin/IGF‑1 signaling (IIS) pathway. Therefore, the present study hypothesized that the regulatory mechanism of EEGE was significantly related to the IIS pathway. The present research results demonstrated that the protective effect of EEGE on transgenic C. elegans was to reduce Aβ protein aggregation, improve the in vivo antioxidant level, effectively remove free radicals and to regulate the expression of genes related to IIS pathway, thereby reducing Aβ‑induced toxicity and delaying nematode paralysis.
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Food Bioscience
·
2024
·
IF 4.8
Zhiqiang Yi,Yusen Yue,Jianquan Kan,Zhirong Wang,Sameh Awad,Amel Ahmed Ibrahim,Muying Du
Gastrodia elata Bl. Is susceptible to infestation by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum , which can cause severe post-harvest diseases. This paper presents the findings of an investigation into the control and bacteriostatic mechanisms of Lactobacillus curvatus 2768-VOCs on F. oxysporum -infected G. elata . The results of both in vitro and in vivo tests demonstrated that L. curvatus 2768-VOCs exhibited inhibitory effects against F. oxysporum , with inhibition rates of 63.37% and 44.4%, respectively. The results of the in vivo test also demonstrated that the pre-fumigation approach exhibited superior efficacy compared to direct fumigation, with the former showing a preventive effect. Furthermore, it was discovered that VOCs disrupted the integrity of F. oxysporum cell membranes and altered their permeability, resulting in the leakage of cell contents. The fumigation caused damage to the mycelial structure, accompanied by a notable decline in the total lipid and ergosterol content, and an appreciable increase in MDA content. Moreover, the fumigation of VOCs markedly diminished the activities of ATPase and mitochondrial dehydrogenase, thereby disrupting the respiration of F. oxysporum and its energy metabolism. The VOCs were subjected to GC-MS analysis, which revealed that the relative content of acids was the highest, particularly formic acid and glyoxalic acid. The study offers a theoretical basis for the biological control of postharvest diseases in G. elata .
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Food Bioscience
·
2025
·
IF 5.9
Xiaoqian Liu,Xi Feng,Yin Liu,Wen Huang,Zhinan Mei,Ying Liu
Horse urine-like off-odor of Gastrodia elata ( G. elata ) decreased consumer acceptance. We investigated the effects of solid-state fermentation with Schizophyllum commune (CGMCC 5.84) on the odor in G. elata . The horse urine-like off-odor of G. elata was removed after fermentation. The total concentration of the key off-odorants (acetoin, m -cresol, 3-ethylphenol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, decanal and p -cresol), which might contribute to the horse urine-like off-odor of G. elata ., decreased from 616.83 μg/kg to 254.09 μg/kg after fermentation. Pleasant aroma compounds, such as acetophenone, 3-octanol, 1-octen-3-ol, decanol and phenylethanol, were produced after fermentation. Volatomics combined with non-targeted metabolomics explored the potential mechanisms of removing the off-odor in G. elata . Several involved metabolic processes such as glycolysis, butyrate metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, phenylpropane biosynthesis, linoleic acid degradation, toluene metabolism and ethylbenzene metabolism were identified. Our results suggested a practical method for controlling off-odorants in G. elata .
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LWT-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 6.6
Xu Zhang,Nanxin Zhang,Mingjin Li,Wencong Zhang,Ning Ji,Jiqing Lei,Haiyan Sun,Bangdi Liu,Cunkun Chen,Pufan Zheng,Rui Wang
Diseases caused by tuber fungi severely disrupt the storage life and quality of post-harvest Gastrodia elata ( G. elata ). Herein, it was found that the decay of G. elata tubers is primarily attributed to Fusarium solani and Penicillium crustosum . To inhibit postharvest rotting in G. elata tubers, microwave-treatment (MT) was employed as a disinfection method. However, they could not be completely inhibited by a single MT in vivo test, which were at various power levels (300, 500, 700 W) and durations (20, 30, 40 s). Hence, MT (700w, 30s) combined with modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) was employed, which were polyethylene films of varying thickness (20, 30, 40 μm), and its efficiency was validated. Results indicate that the combined treatment improved the quality of infected G. elata tubers. In addition, it decreased 79.81% in decay volume of G. elata tubers compared with the control group. Further results indicate that the reactive oxygen species and energy metabolism pathways of G. elata tubers were activated by the combined treatment, activating the enzyme activity and relative expression of superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase and maintaining the levels of ATP, ADP and energy charge. Taken together, these results indicate that MT combined with MAP is a new and effective method for the post-harvest preservation of tubers and root crops.
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JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A
·
2026
·
IF 4
Xinqin Kong,Wenyong Wu,Sihan Chen,Xianghua Kong,Qingqing He,Yang Zhou,Huali Long,Zijia Zhang,Jinjun Hou,Wanying Wu
Mixed-mode SEC-UV-MALLS-RI reveals cryptic structural heterogeneity of Gastrodia elata Blume polysaccharides. • Hierarchical machine learning effectively resolves real-world class imbalance, significantly outperforming direct classification. • Multimodal data fusion provides comprehensive evidence for precise discrimination. • SHAP analysis links machine learning decisions to specific macromolecular traits. • A robust, interpretable workflow established for precise botanical authentication. Gastrodia elata Blume is a vital herb requiring precise subtype discrimination for market authentication and traceability. However, the current analytical focus on small molecules limits the extraction of highly discriminative polysaccharide features, making chemometric authentication under class-imbalanced conditions highly challenging. To address these limitations, we established a robust multi-detector size-exclusion chromatography platform utilizing a 5 mM NH₄Ac mobile phase to induce a mixed-mode separation, effectively resolving the cryptic structural heterogeneities and multidimensional properties of the bioactive polysaccharides. Furthermore, we systematically evaluated nine machine learning algorithms, comparing hierarchical versus direct architectures to mitigate class imbalance. For multimodal data fusion, we assessed chromatographic profile, physicochemical expert, and fused feature strategies, utilizing PCA, RFECV, and SFM for dimensionality reduction. Results demonstrated that the hierarchical architecture successfully resolved class imbalance. The KNN model utilizing PCA-reduced fused features achieved optimal performance (Accuracy: 0.8927, F1-Macro: 0.8515). More importantly, interpretable analysis using SHapley Additive exPlanations and PCA loadings revealed a robust chemical decision mechanism: the model prioritizes macroscopic molecular weight (PC1) to identify Gastrodia elata Bl. f. glauca S. Chow (WTM), while utilizing microscopic structural details (PC3/PC5) to distinguish Gastrodia elata Bl. f. elata (HTM) and their hybrids (WHTM). This interpretable chemometric strategy enables precise Gastrodia elata subtype authentication and offers a reliable reference for analyzing polysaccharide-rich herbs. Download: Download high-res image (228KB) Download: Download full-size image
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Food Bioscience
·
2026
·
IF 6.2
Yongfu Li,Xiaoqiang Chen,Jinrong Huang,Feng Shi
Gastrodia elata is an edible plant whose phenolic compounds show α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Through screening, it was found that 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) is the most potent inhibitor (IC 50 = 0.0406 mg/mL). However, HBA occurs at very low levels in native G. elata , making it difficult to acquire sufficient active components via routine approaches. Different from conventional organic solvent extraction and microbial fermentation, the β-glucosidase-catalyzed strategy developed here has the advantages of short processing time, mild reaction conditions and environmental friendliness. Compared with water extraction, this method increased HBA content by 9.76 fold and improved α-glucosidase inhibitory activity by 5.31 fold. Enzymolysis conditions were optimized via response surface methodology at 51.5°C, 6 U/mL and 4.7 h, yielding 832 μg/mL HBA with an inhibition rate of 71.4%. Pearson correlation confirmed HBA as an important contributor to the bioactivity (r = 0.6669). Mechanistic analyses via kinetics, spectroscopy, molecular docking, and 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations revealed HBA acts as a non-competitive inhibitor binding to the allosteric site at Ser236, Asn317, and His423. The optimized extract (5% v/v, 322 μM HBA) significantly promoted glucose consumption and glycogen synthesis in insulin-resistant HepG2 cells without cytotoxicity. It also dose-dependently reduced glucose, triglyceride, and total cholesterol in high-glucose-stimulated zebrafish larvae. This efficient catalytic approach achieves high HBA enrichment and clarifies the underlying inhibitory mechanism, supporting G. elata extract as a promising functional food for glycemic and lipid regulation.
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Journal of Functional Foods
·
2023
·
IF 5.6
Qiang Yin,Ran Yan,Yan Wang,Jia Yu
Gatrodin is an active compound with cardio-protective potentials. In the current study, the mechanism underlying the effects of gastrodin was explored. Myocardial infarction was induced and handled with gastrodin. The role of miR-30a-5p and its downstream effector, ATG5, in the cardio-protective effects of gastrodin was verified. Gastrodin induced the dys-expresseion of 72 miRs in oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) cardiomyocytes and miR-30a-5p was selected as the potential therapeutic target. Gastrodin increased viability and suppressed autophagy in OGD cardiomyocytes, which was associated with the induction of miR-30a-5p and deactivation of ATG5. In rat models, gastrodin attenuated structure deterioration and dysfunction in heart, and suppressed autophagy. At molecular level, miR-30a-5p was induced and ATG5 were down-regulated. After the suppression of miR-30a-5p or the overexpression of ATG5, the cardio-protective effects of gastrodin were compromised. Gastrodin induced the expression of miR-30a-5p, which contributed to the attenuation of autophagy in infarcted heart tissues.
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Food Bioscience
·
2025
·
IF 5.9
Xiaoqian Liu,Fang Yuan,Bei Zhou,Wen Huang,Zhinan Mei,Salam A. Ibrahim,Ying Liu,Xi Feng
Gastrodia elata Blume is a nutritious ingredient with high edible value. However, its distinctive odor, "horse urine-like off-odor", has limited its applications. The potential unpleasant odorants presenting a horse urine-like off-odor in G . elata was investigated by GC-MS-O. Two G. elata samples, one cultivated in Yichang (YC, with horse urine-like off-odor) and the other one cultivated in Yingshan (YS, without off-odor), were used for chemical analysis and sensory evaluation. The identification of compounds responsible for the odor differences between YC and YS provided the basis for determining key odorants that contribute to horse urine-like off-odor. In the GC-O analysis, 37 aroma compounds were identified in YC while 32 in YS. Aroma recombination and omission tests proved that ten compounds (including pentanal, benzeneacetic acid, benzaldehyde, 2,3-butanedione, acetoin, acetic acid, hexanoic acid, p-cresol, m-cresol, and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol) were the main contributors to the horse urine-like off-odor. The pathways of off-odor formation in G . elata were elucidated. Our results provide insights into the formation of horse urine-like off-odor in G . elata .
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MOLECULES
·
2019
·Vol. 24
·期 3
·547
·
IF 3.06
Minhui Hu,Hui Yan,Yuanyuan Fu,Yulan Jiang,Weifeng Yao,Sheng Yu,Li Zhang,Qinan Wu,Anwei Ding,Mingqiu Shan
Gastrodia elatatuber (GET) is a popular traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken design (BBD) was performed to optimize the extraction parameters of gastrodin-type components (gastrodin, gastrodigenin, parishin A, parishin B, parishin C and parishin E). Different from the conventional studies that merely focused on the contents of phytochemical, we gave consideration to both quantitative analysis of the above six components by HPLC and representative bioactivities of GET, including antioxidation and protection of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Four independent variables (ethanol concentration, liquid-material ratio, soaking time and extraction time) were investigated with the integrated evaluation index of phytochemical contents. With the validation experiments, the optimal extraction parameters were as follows: ethanol concentration of 41%, liquid–solid ratio of 28.58 mL/g, soaking time of 23.91 h and extraction time of 46.60 min. Under the optimum conditions, the actual standardized comprehensive score was 1.8134 ± 0.0110, which was in accordance with the predicted score of 1.8100. This firstly established method was proved to be feasible and reliable to optimize the extraction parameters of the bioactive components from GET. Furthermore, it provides some reference for the quality control and extraction optimization of TCMs.Keywords:Gastrodia elatatuber (GET);Response surface methodology;Antioxidation;HUVEC;Gastrodin-type components
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2025
·
IF 8.5
Chenran Xin,Pinhui Jia,Yan Zhao,Zhiqiang Cheng,Wencong Liu,Peng Di,Wei Li,Hongyan Zhu
The healing of wounds in aging skin is a challenging issue that has not been thoroughly studied. Composite hydrogels made from natural polysaccharides have shown potential as dressings for various types of wounds. In this study, we prepared a polysaccharide-based composite hydrogel to provide a new strategy for treating aging skin wounds. First, chitosan (CS) was modified and Gastrodin (GAS) was grafted onto its main chain structure to obtain GAS/CS. Then GAS/CS was mixed with oxidized Gastrodia elata polysaccharides (GEP) to form a hydrogel using the principle of adsorbent reaction, and Puerarin (PUE), a natural plant ingredient, was embedded by gelatin microspheres and then loaded into the hydrogel. As a result, the composite hydrogel effectively reduced oxidative stress in tissue cells at the wound site and inhibited bacterial growth. It also reduced inflammation, promoted angiogenesis, and enhanced collagen deposition, which facilitated the repair of all aspects of the wound healing process in aging mouse skin. In short, this study explored the anti-aging effects of polysaccharides from Gastrodia elata , which might serve as both a treatment and an auxiliary for aging skin wounds. Additionally, the Gastrodia elata polysaccharide hydrogel was expected to be a promising drug carrier for skin repair.
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Plant Communications
·
2025
·Vol. 6
·期 10
·
IF 11.6
Qing-Song Yuan,Lu Luo,Haixia Shi,Hui Wang,Jiuchun An,Yanping Gao,Jiao Xu,Xiaohong Ou,Ye Yang,Karim M. Tabl,Lanping Guo,Luqi Huang,Tao Zhou
Nitrogen and auxin uptake play pivotal roles in seed germination and development. Gastrodia elata , a fully mycoheterotrophic plant, depends entirely on its symbiotic association with Mycena for early growth and seed germination. The process by which Mycena supplies nitrogen nutrients and auxin, which are deficient in G. elata , remains poorly understood. In this study, genome-scale analysis of G. elata revealed the loss of genes associated with nitrogen utilization and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis, which are retained in Mycena . Further analysis of the dynamic transcriptomic interactions between G. elata seeds and Mycena across different symbiotic stages revealed that genes involved in nitrogen- and tryptophan-dependent IAA biosynthesis were significantly upregulated in Mycena during the symbiotic germination of G. elata seeds . Concurrently, G. elata seeds exhibited increased expression of genes involved in the hormone signal transduction pathway and the starch and sucrose metabolism pathway. Functional disruption of nitrite reductase (MyNir, EVM0012344) and amidase (MyAmid, EVM0010270), key enzymes in nitrogen assimilation and IAA biosynthesis in Mycena , significantly impaired the symbiotic germination of G. elata seeds. This disruption interfered with energy supply, caused cellular restructuring, and altered hormonal signaling crosstalk. In conclusion, our findings provide novel insights into the mutualistic symbiotic relationship between Mycena and G. elata . Specifically, the fungus Mycena compensates for the incomplete nitrogen metabolism of its plant partner, G. elata , and supplies IAA, thereby promoting seed germination. These results shed light on plant-fungal symbiotic associations from the perspective of nitrogen utilization.
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JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A
·
2014
·
IF 4.258
Wenhua Ji,Lingxiao Chen,Xiuli Ma,Xiao Wang,Qianshan Gao,Yanling Geng,Luqi Huang
Molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) with high selectivity and affinity to gastrodin in water were designed using allyl 2,3,4,6-tetra- O -acetyl-glucopyranoside (TAGL) and 1,2,3,4,5-pentafluoro-6-vinylbenzene (PFVB) as novel functional monomers. Binding characterization of pre-polymerization complexes was researched by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and the MIPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The properties involving adsorption isotherm, adsorption kinetics and selective recognition capacity were evaluated. The MIPs/TAGL exhibited good site accessibility in which it only took 30 min to achieve adsorption equilibrium and highly selective recognition for the template. Furthermore, the performance of the MIPs/TAGL as solid phase extraction material was investigated in detail and hot water at 50 °C served as the eluting solvent. Pure gastrodin with the recovery of 76.6% was obtained from the aqueous extract of Gastrodia elata roots.
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