HYDROMETALLURGY
·
2025
·
IF 5.3
Minxiu Zhou,Hui Su,Yaoxian Hu,Wensen Liu,Zhaowu Zhu,Tao Qi,Daoyong Lin
The increasing adoption of lithium-ion batteries in new energy sectors has substantially increased lithium consumption. Chilean salt lakes consist of high concentrations of Li + , (1.14 g/L) and Ca 2+ (>10 g/L) and low concentration of Cl − (<200 g/L). The TBP-FeCl 3 system can efficiently extract lithium from high Mg brine, but the system has not yet been studied in low chloride and high calcium brine. In this paper, the effect of different extraction, scrubbing, and stripping conditions on the lithium extraction percentage from this type of brine was investigated using a TBP-FeCl 3 system. The results indicated that 100 % TBP mixed with brine containing 15–20 g/L Fe 3+ and 0.05 mol/L HCl at O/A = 1:1, extracted 52.9 % of Li + and produced an organic phase of 0.72 g/L Li + , accompanied by Ca 2+ and Na + concentrations of 2.82 g/L and 2.47 g/L, respectively. The extraction percentage of Li + reached 74.2 % after a four-stage extraction process. The loaded organic phase was scrubbed with 4 mol/L LiCl solution at O/A = 1:1, and the scrubbing percentage of the impurity ions was >90 %. The scrubbed organic phase was stripped by simulated counter-current stripping by 2.5 mol/L HCl at O/A = 15:1 for ten stages, and the recovery of Li + was 80.3 %. The stripping solution had a Li + concentration of 25.3 g/L and an impurity ion concentration of <1 g/L and the loss of Fe 3+ was <100 mg/L. The TBP-FeCl 3 extraction system offers the efficient and direct extraction of lithium from Chilean brine and provides technical support for the clean mining of lithium resources in South American salt lakes.
研究领域:
化学工程
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材料科学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CANADIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
·
2025
·
IF 1.9
Pei Shi,Liping Dong,Yun Li,Yida Li,Nianke Zheng,Hao Yang,Zhongqi Ren,Zhiyong Zhou
An extraction system consisting of di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), tributyl phosphate (TBP), and kerosene was developed for selective recovery of aluminium ions from the leaching solution of cathode materials of spent ternary lithium-ion batteries. The proposed system could significantly separate nickel, cobalt, manganese, and lithium ions from aluminium ions in the leachate. A four-stage cross-flow extraction process using D2EHPA-TBP-kerosene with 40% saponification degree could recover 99.48% of Al 3+ at pH of 1.68 and O/A phase ratio of 1:1. After one-stage washing and five-stage stripping processes, a stripping solution containing nearly pure Al 3+ could be obtained. Then, the Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ‧ 17H 2 O product was recovered from the stripping solution by the cooling crystallization method with a yield of 92.63% and a purity of 99.32%. The extraction system showed very stable extraction ability during ten consecutive extraction–washing–stripping cycles. Finally, a cation exchange mechanism was explored by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) characterization.
研究领域:
化学工程
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环境科学
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材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
·
2023
·
IF 8.6
Yaxing Han,Ji Chen,Hailian Li,Yuefeng Deng
Effective recycling of valuable metals from the spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is of great importance from the perspective of resource recycling and environmental conservation. In this work, a comprehensive recovery process of impurities removal and valuable metals co-extraction from simulated leaching solution of spent LIBs with CA12-TBP system was investigated. Firstly, more than 99.7% of Al, Fe and Cu were removed by co-extraction with 30 vol% CA12 (25% saponification degree) and 20 vol% TBP after three-stage extraction. The Ni, Co and Mn lost in the organic phase were decreased to 0.18%, 0.09% and 0.06% by single-stage scrubbing. Then, Fe, Cu and Al loaded in organic phase were completely stripped by 0.5 mol/L H 2 SO 4 and 0.01 mol/L Na 2 SO 3 through a four-stage stripping. After impurities removal, more than 99.9% of Ni, Co and Mn in the raffinate solution were selectively co-extracted with 30 vol% CA12 (60% saponification degree) and 15 vol% TBP after a three-stage extraction, and 7.88% of Li was co-extracted. Then, after a four-stage scrubbing experiment, only 0.52% of Li was lost in the loaded organic phase, which demonstrated that our system possesses the potential of efficient recovery of Ni, Co and Mn from the spent LIBs. Further, Ni, Co and Mn loaded in the organic were completely stripped with 1 mol/L sulfuric acid, and could be directly used for the preparation of the recycled ternary material precursors. Finally, Li in the raffinate solution was recovered by precipitation using Na 2 CO 3 , with the yield and purity of 96.4% and 99.6%. Overall, this recycling process with high impurity removal efficiency and valuable metals recovery efficiency not only simplify the production process, but also greatly reduces production costs, which is helpful for the regeneration and utilization of spent LIBs.
研究领域:
环境科学
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材料科学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 13.2
Zijun Yi,Long Zhang,Fang Ding,Xuehong Ren
The Spiro-OMeTAD is one of the most widely used hole transport materials in highly efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs), whose performance typically relies on dopants such as lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) and 4-tert-butylpyridine (TBP) to enhance conductivity and hole transport efficiency. However, these conventional dopants suffer from high volatility and hygroscopicity, severely limiting the long-term stability and commercialization potential of PSCs. To solve this problem, this work developed a novel dopant 4-isopropyl-4′-methyldiphenyl iodide tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (IMT) as a substitute for LiTFSI and TBP for synergistic doping regulation of Spiro-OMeTAD. It was revealed that IMT possessed a well-delocalized electronic structure and appropriately aligned energy levels, which effectively promoted the oxidation of Spiro-OMeTAD, thereby enhancing its electrical conductivity and hole mobility. Additionally, the incorporation of IMT improved the hydrophobicity and compactness of the Spiro-OMeTAD film, effectively mitigating moisture penetration and suppressing interfacial ion migration. The rigid and flexible PSCs based on IMT doping exhibited excellent optoelectronic performance, with the champion power conversion efficiencies reaching 24.97 % and 23.15 %, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of conventional devices using LiTFSI and TBP as dopants. More importantly, the introduction of IMT effectively improved the environmental stability of perovskite devices, enabling them to maintain high-efficiency output under high humidity, high temperature and long-term illumination conditions. This work proposes a new doping strategy for efficient, stable and LiTFSI/TBP-independent PSCs, and provides a theoretical and practical basis for the molecular design of hole transport materials.
研究领域:
光伏技术
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材料科学
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能源材料
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半导体器件
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 13.2
Xiaohan Xing,Can Wang,Xiao Du,Fengfeng Gao,Xiaogang Hao,Abuliti Abudula,Guoqing Guan
A novel carbon nanotube combining bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate/tributyl phosphate membrane (MWCNTs-P204/TBP membrane) with dual-site extraction function was obtained by constructing a dense P204/TBP liquid phase extraction layer in a 3D porous MWCNTs membrane and proposed a “chemical-electrochemical dual site extraction” mechanism that consists both the chemical extraction dominated by proton exchange and electrochemical extraction dominated by electrochemical complexation pathways. The membrane was applied with an electrochemically switched ion membrane extraction (ESIME) process to realize continuous selective extraction/stripping of Nd 3+ . Model calculation and DFT simulations indicate that the mass transfer rate of Nd 3+ in the feed phase is 7.45 times higher than that of Dy 3+ under the action of the electric field, and the chemical softness of P204 and Nd 3+ extraction complex 15.15 is higher than that of Dy 3+ 2.73, the coupling effect of cell voltage and pulse potential can effectively facilitate the selective extraction and stripping of Nd 3+ by MWCNTs-P204/TBP membrane. The Nd 3+ flux as high as 7.31 μmol·m −2 ·s −1 with a separation factor β Nd 3+ /Dy 3+ of 9.56 was achieved even after five times enrichments. It manifested that the ESIME system with MWCNs-P204/TBP membrane provides a scalable process for the continuous selective separation of Nd 3+ from waste permanent magnets.
研究领域:
材料科学
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环境工程
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
·
2024
·
IF 3.8
Yifan Zhang,Xiao Geng,Huining Deng,Zhuojun Jiang,Benzheng Xia,Liangrong Yang,Zheng Li
The TBP/FeCl3 solvent extraction (SX) system exhibits a high selectivity of lithium over magnesium from magnesium-rich brines, but it suffers from the difficulty of lithium stripping. The addition of 2-ethylhexyl phosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexy ester (P507) as a modifier to the TBP/FeCl3 system significantly enhances the stripping efficiency of the extraction system by controlling the Fe3+ coordination. However, the performance of other acidic extractants similar to P507 has not yet been investigated. In this work, we systematically compared the performance of the four most commonly used commercial acidic extractants, namely, P507, di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (P204), bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272), and neodecanoic acid (Versatic Acid 10) as modifiers in the TBP/FeCl3 system. It was found that the addition of P204, P507, or Cyanex 272 slightly suppressed the extraction of lithium but Versatic Acid 10 did not; the coextraction of magnesium followed the order P507 > P204 ≈ Cyanex 272 > Versatic Acid 10. Importantly, the ability of the modifiers to keep Fe3+ in the organic phase is correlated with their acidity, i.e., P204 > P507 > Cyanex 272 ≫ Versatic Acid 10. Overall, P204 and P507 exhibited comparable performance, and they both surpassed Cyanex 272 and Versatic Acid 10.
研究领域:
化学工程
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材料科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 9
Chao Zhang,Tian Xie,Han Qu,Guofei Li,Zhongyu Zhao,Wanji Zhou,Shiai Xu,Zheng Li
The efficient separation and extraction of Li + from salt lake brines with a high Mg 2+ /Li + ratio remains challenging. Herein, poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) microcapsules encapsulating tributyl phosphate (TBP) and mono-2-ethylhexyl 2-ethylhexyl phosphate (P507) as carriers were successfully fabricated via one-step phase inversion followed by in situ cross-linking with boric acid. Correspondingly, the obtnined microcapsules possess a fine three-dimensional cross-linked network structure, which can effectively stabilize the extractant carriers and significantly enhance the encapsulation stability. These microcapsules were employed for the stable and selective extraction of Li + from high-Mg 2+ /Li + -ratio brines. The surface morphology, composition, structure, and adsorption characteristics of the TBP–P507 microcapsules were thoroughly investigated. The microcapsules comprising 30 wt% (m/m) polymer matrix and 70 wt% (m/m) TBP–P507 as the extractant (denoted as TBP–P507/P-3) exhibited the highest separation efficiency for Li + and Mg 2+ . The separation factor of Li + over Mg 2+ was up to 427, and the equilibrium adsorption capacity of the TBP–P507/P-3 microcapsules for Li + reached 0.83 mg/g in synthetic brine with a low Li + concentration and a high Mg 2+ /Li + ratio. These results illustrated that Li + could be separated with high selectivity over Mg 2+ . Adsorption kinetics and isotherms investigations indicated that Li + adsorption by TBP–P507/P-3 conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and was consistent with the Langmuir–Freundlich model, with the mechanism classified as chemisorption. Accordingly, the maximum amount of Li + adsorbed by the TBP–P507/P-3 microcapsules calculated using the Langmuir–Freundlich model was 4.4 mg/g. After 10 adsorption–elution cycles with pure water as the eluent, 96 % of the maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity was retained. The results clearly illustrate the construction of a finely-tuned three-dimensional cross-linked network structure is pivotal to enhancing stability of the microcapsules, efficiently decreasing the risk of carrier leakage from the involved polymer matrixes. Overall, this research presents a valuable microcapsule technology for separating and extracting Li + from high-Mg 2+ /Li + -ratio salt lake brines.
研究领域:
材料科学
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环境科学
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化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOM
·
2018
·Vol. 70
·期 12
·2837-2845
·
IF 2.145
Zhang Weiguang,Zhang Ting-An,Lv Guozhi,Zhou Weihua,Cao Xuejiao,Zhu Hangyu
The solvent extraction and separation process of Sc(III) and Fe(III) from a strongly acidic and highly concentrated ferric solution using mixtures of di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (D2EHPA) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) in sulfonated kerosene was studied. The effects of various parameters, including D2EHPA concentration, dosage of TBP, and phase ratio, were investigated for the extraction process. The results indicated that the extraction rate of Sc(III) was 99.72% with 1.09% Fe(III) co-extracted after two stages of counter-current extraction under optimal conditions. Moreover, saturation capacity and slope analysis were used to determine the reaction mechanism. Sc(III) is extracted in the form of HSc(SO 4 ) 2 ·4HL. Further separation of Sc(III) and Fe(III) was realized in a scrubbing and stripping process. First, 98.67% of the co-extracted iron in the loaded organic phase was scrubbed with a dilute HCl solution by a three-stage counter-current scrubbing. Then, 85.00% of Sc(III) can be stripped efficiently with a 2-mol/L NaOH solution saturated in 1-mol/L NaCl by three-stage cross-current stripping.
研究领域:
化学工程
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分析化学
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环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
·
2020
·
IF 5.774
Tao Gai,Yingru Li,Hao Tang,Rui Li,Lang Shao,Yunfeng Du,Yiming Ren
In this paper, a kind of graphene gel loading TBP inside, named as G-TBP-Gel was prepared via by mildly reducing the graphene oxide (GO) sheets in TBP/GO/water emulsion using ascorbic acid , which is facile and time-consuming. The G-TBP-Gel was constructed by approximately spherical pores built by reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets disorderly. The TBP droplets are fixed in the pores, and the total volume of TBP occupies nearly 90% volume of the G-TBP-Gel. We studied the capacities and distribution ratios of G-TBP-Gel in the application of uranium extraction under different conditions. Moreover, the G-TBP-Gel could be easily separated from the aqueous phase due to the fixation of the TBP. The residual oxygenated groups on the rGO sheets construct a network of water nano-channels, via which uranyl migrates in the process of extraction or stripping. Compared with traditional liquid-liquid extraction, the rates of extraction or stripping are much slower due to the structural factors, which still need promotion in the future.
研究领域:
材料科学
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环境化学
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核化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
·
2025
·
IF 8.2
Jianmei Jiang,Yaoming Xiao,Wenjing Yang,Chao Wen,Biye Liu,Lidan Wang,Yunpeng Xu,Xue Zhang,Qixin Zhuang,Jinguo Lin,Zisheng Su,Jeng-Yu Lin
Although the efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) keeps breaking new records, their stability and cost are still limited by using the conventional hole transport material of 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD). Herein, we use 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) as a solubilizer to enhance the dissolution of lithium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonylimide (Li-TFSI) and reduce the 4-tert-bultypyridine (TBP) dosage. Then, EDOT undergoes in situ oxidative polymerization to generate PEDOT by an oxidizing agent of iodine (I2). Moreover, I2 can also accelerate the oxidation of Spiro-OMeTAD. Therefore, the generated PEDOT can synergistically enhance hole transport capability with the oxidized Spiro-OMeTAD, and the generated I– ions can compensate for the I vacancies and inhibit the migration of I– in the perovskite film, resulting in an enhanced stability and efficiency of PSCs. A PSC based on the composite hole transport system achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 24.79%. Moreover, the PSC retains 92% of its initial PCE for over 2000 h under ambient conditions of 25 °C and 35% relative humidity. Furthermore, the quantities of Spiro-OMeTAD and TBP have, respectively, decreased by 24.9 and 37.5% in the composite hole transport system, thereby lowering the production cost of the PSC and facilitating its industrialization development.
研究领域:
材料科学
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光伏技术
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高分子化学
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纳米技术
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能源技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
DESALINATION
·
2025
·
IF 9.8
Huifang Li,Yu Yue,Xiao Wang,Dahuan Liu
Solvent extraction has emerged as an extremely effective and highly promising approach for extracting lithium ions from salt lake brine, primarily due to its remarkable Li + selectivity, cost-effectiveness, and high efficiency. In this paper, the utilization of bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)-phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272) as an iron-fixed reagent in an organic solution, along with tributyl phosphate (TBP) as the extractant and FeCl 3 as the co-extractant, is proposed. Compared to the traditional TBP-FeCl 3 system, TBP-Cyanex 272 extraction system holds potential advantages in terms of a more environmentally friendly extraction process. Particularly, during the stripping process, the coordination of Fe 3+ with Cyanex 272 and TBP at a lower Cl − concentration allows Fe 3+ to be retained in the organic phase, thereby facilitating a greener extraction process. This method has effectively overcome the technical challenges associated with TBP-FeCl 3 systems, such as strong acid stripping and strong base saponification. Additionally, as an environmentally friendly extraction system, TBP-Cyanex 272 demonstrates exceptional performance in terms of lithium extraction efficiency and phase separation.
研究领域:
化学工程
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环境科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
·
2016
·
IF 3.299
Guozhi Zhang,Desheng Chen,Wei Zhao,Hongxin Zhao,Lina Wang,Dan Li,Tao Qi
A selective synergistic extraction process for recovering vanadium (V) from the high-acidity chloride leaching liquor was proposed. Vanadium (V) extraction from the simulated high-acidity leaching liquor with numerous impurities using a mixed extractant consisting of tricaprylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) was studied while obvious synergism was found. According to synergistic enhancement coefficient and physical property of organic phase, the suitable extractant composition was the volume ratio of Aliquat 336 to TBP 1:4. The vanadium (V) extraction increased sharply as HCl concentration increased from 1.01 mol/L to 4.13 mol/L. Under the optimum extraction conditions (extractant concentration of 50 vol%, 1 min, 25–30 °C, and phase ratio (O/A) of 1:1), the vanadium extraction with three stages was above 90.0%. Almost no other impurity ions, such as Ca, Al, Mg, Cr, Ti, Mn, and Si, were co-extracted. Under the optimum stripping conditions, the vanadium stripping was above 92.0% in a single stage using water as the effective stripping reagent. High-quality V 2 O 5 product was obtained after precipitation and calcination . The mechanism of vanadium (V) extraction by Aliquat 336–TBP mixed extractant was discussed based on the analysis of FT-IR and UV–vis spectra.
研究领域:
冶金学
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）