Nanomaterial-mediated phototherapy in tumor treatment has been developed rapidly in the past few years due to its noninvasive character. However, the low energy conversion efficiency and high recombination rate of the photo-triggered electron-hole pairs of single nano-agent limit the phototherapy efficiency. Herein, we constructed a novel two-dimensional nanoheterojunction MoS 2 -Ti 3 C 2 (MT), which allowed a high photothermal conversion efficiency (59.1%) as well as an effective separation of photo-triggered electron-hole pairs for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation under single 808 nm laser irradiation. Upon the modification of the mitochondrial targeted molecule (3-proxycarboxylic) triphenyl phosphine bromide (TPP) and 4T1 cell membrane, m@MoS 2 -Ti 3 C 2 /TPP (m@MTT) could effectively target to the tumor cell and further locate to the mitochondria to amplify tumor-specific oxidative stress, which not merely effectively inhibits the local tumor growth but also induces tumor immunogenic cell death (ICD) for activating antitumor immune response. Additionally, cytosine guanine dinucleotide (CPG), as a Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist, was further introduced to the system to boost adaptive immune responses, resulting in improved level of cytotoxic T cells as well as a decrease in the number of regulatory T cells. In vivo antitumor mechanism studies demonstrated that not only the primary and distant tumors in 4T1 bearing-tumor mice model were significantly inhibited, but also the lung metastasis of tumor was effectively suppressed. Therefore, this work revealed the ROS generation mechanism of MT nanoheterojunction and provided a novel strategy to fabricate a biomedically applicable MT nanoheterojunction for tumor treatment.
Despite the safety profile of subunit vaccines, the inferior immunogenicity hinders their application in the nasal cavity. This study introduces a novel antigen delivery and adjuvant system utilizing mucoadhesive chitosan–catechol (Chic) on silica spiky nanoparticles (Ssp) to enhance immunity through multiple mechanisms. The Chic functionalizes the Ssp surface and incorporates with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) and toll-like receptor (TLR)9 agonist unmethylated cytosine-guanine (CpG) motif, forming uniform virus-like nanoparticles (Ssp-Chic-RBD-CpG) via electrostatic and covalent interactions. Ssp-Chic-RBD-CpG, mimicking the morphology and function of inactive virions, effectively prolongs the retention time of RBD in the nasal mucosa by 3.92-fold compared to RBD alone, enhances the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), and facilitates the antigen trafficking to the draining lymph nodes, which subsequently induces a stronger mucosal immunity. Mechanistically, the enhanced chemokine chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 20 (CCL20)-driven DCs recruitment and maturation by Ssp-Chic-RBD-CpG are evidenced by a cell co-culture model. In addition, the overexpression of TLR4/9 and activation of MYD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in activation of DCs are observed. Proof of principle is obtained for RBD, but similar delivery mechanisms can be applied in other protein-based subunit vaccines as well when intranasal administration is needed.
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